For centuries, herbs and plants have been used for medicinal purposes and as food as well. This review concerns about different types of plants that retain the immune stimulating and anti-tumor properties. Large variety of active phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, ligands, polyphenolics, terpenoids, sulfides, lignans and plant sterols has been identified in different types of herbs. These phytochemicals have different mechanisms of action. They either stimulate the protective enzyme like glutathione transferase or prevent the cell proliferation. This review has centered on the biochemical properties of Allium sativum, Echinacea, Curcuma longa, Arctium lappa, Camellia sinensis, Panax ginseng and Flax seed. Extracts and juices of Withania somnifera, Amoora rohituka, Dysoxylum binectariferum and Vaccinium macrocarpon, respectively also used as anti-breast cancer. The volatile oils and extracts of these herbs and plants inhibit the synthesis of mevalonate that lessen the tumor growth and cholesterol synthesis.

In diabetes mellitus dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In type 2 diabetes mellitus early detection and treatment of dyslipidemia can avoid risk for cardiovascular disorder. The present study was carried to determine the prevalence and pattern of hyperlipidemia in patients with hyperglycemia. The cross sectional study was done in different laboratories of Pakistan, the laboratories served patients referred from different government and private hospitals between July 2014 and June 2015. All known cases of diabetes mellitus were evaluated for their lipid profile. Totally 200 diabetic patients were included in the study in which 120 (60%) were males and 80 (40%) were females. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among diabetic males was 97.18% while for females 87.15%. Among dyslipidemic male the proportion with mixed dyslipidemic patients was 17.5%, combined two parameters dyslipidemia was 47.5% and isolated single parameter dyslipidemia was 35%. In females these proportions in mixed, combined two parameters and isolated single parameter were 16.25%, 51.25% and 32.5%, respectively. Majority of hyperglycemic patients were dyslipidemic. The most prevalent pattern among male was combined dyslipidemia with high triglycerides (TG) and low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and in female it was high Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and low HDL. The most prevalent lipid abnormality in our study was low HDL followed by high TG.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of black pepper and ajwa seed on liver enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic Wister albino rats to show the preventive and ameliorating effects in hyperglycemic rats. Rats were divided into 6 groups; normal control rats, diabetic control rats, glibenclamide treated rats, black pepper treated rats, ajwa seed treated rats and black pepper plus ajwa seed treated rats. Hyperglycemia was induced in the treatments groups by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at 150 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were administered via oral incubation, doses were glibenclamide 10 mg/kg, black pepper 50 mg/kg, ajwa seed 500 mg/kg and their mixture 500 mg/kg body weight for a period of 8 weeks. Serum glucose, AST, ALT and ALP were assayed using spectrophotometric method. Results showed that ajwa seed and mixture significantly reduced glucose level. AST level was significantly reduced by mixture treated group. No significant difference was observed between different aqueous extract treated group in ALT and ALP level. The study indicates that black pepper and ajwa seed extract to some extend normalized the glucose and liver enzyme activities in alloxanized diabetic rats.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an important human disease afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. Even though modern medicines contribute a variety of effective treatment options, they can have several unfavourable effects.

Benzimidazole-based pyrrole/piperidine analogs (1–26) were synthesized and then screened for their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. All the analogs showed good to moderate cholinesterase activities. Synthesized compounds (1–13) were screened in cholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays and showed AChE activities in the range of IC₅₀ = 19.44 ± 0.60 µM to 36.05 ± 0.4 µM against allanzanthane (IC₅₀ = 16.11 ± 0.33 µM) and galantamine (IC₅₀ = 19.34 ± 0.62 µM) and varied BuChE inhibitory activities, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 21.57 ± 0.61 µM to 39.55 ± 0.03 µM as compared with standard allanzanthane (IC₅₀ = 18.14 ± 0.05 µM) and galantamine (IC₅₀ = 21.45 ± 0.21 µM). Similarly, synthesized compounds (14–26) were also subjected to tests to determine their in vitro AChE inhibitory activities, and the results obtained corroborated that all the compounds showed varied activities in the range of IC₅₀ = 22.07 ± 0.13 to 42.01 ± 0.02 µM as compared to allanzanthane (IC₅₀ = 20.01 ± 0.12 µM) and galantamine (IC₅₀ = 18.05 ± 0.31 µM) and varied BuChE inhibitory activities, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 26.32 ± 0.13 to 47.03 ± 0.15 µM as compared to standard allanzanthane (IC₅₀ = 18.14 ± 0.05 µM) and galantamine (IC₅₀ = 21.45 ± 0.21 µM). Binding interactions of the most potent analogs were confirmed through molecular docking studies. The active analogs 2, 4, 10 and 13 established numerous interactions with the active sites of targeted enzymes, with docking scores of −10.50, −9.3, −7.73 and −7.8 for AChE and −8.97, −8.2, −8.20 and −7.6 for BuChE, respectively.