In the present Letter, we consider a class of extended scalar-tensor-Gauss-Bonnet (ESTGB) theories for which the scalar degree of freedom is excited only in the extreme curvature regime. We show that in the mentioned class of ESTGB theories there exist new black-hole solutions that are formed by spontaneous scalarization of the Schwarzschild black holes in the extreme curvature regime. In this regime, below certain mass, the Schwarzschild solution becomes unstable and a new branch of solutions with a nontrivial scalar field bifurcates from the Schwarzschild one. As a matter of fact, more than one branch with a nontrivial scalar field can bifurcate at different masses, but only the first one is supposed to be stable. This effect is quite similar to the spontaneous scalarization of neutron stars. In contrast to the standard spontaneous scalarization of neutron stars, which is induced by the presence of matter, in our case, the scalarization is induced by the curvature of the spacetime.

Recently a new class of scalarized black holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) theories was discovered. What is special for these black hole solutions is that the scalarization is not due to the presence of matter, but it is induced by the curvature of spacetime itself. Moreover, more than one branch of scalarized solutions can bifurcate from the Schwarzschild branch, and these scalarized branches are characterized by the number of nodes of the scalar field. The next step is to consider the linear stability of these solutions, which is particularly important due to the fact that the Schwarzschild black holes lose stability at the first point of bifurcation. Therefore we here study in detail the radial perturbations of the scalarized EGB black holes. The results show that all branches with a nontrivial scalar field with one or more nodes are unstable. The stability of the solutions on the fundamental branch, whose scalar field has no radial nodes, depends on the particular choice of the coupling function between the scalar field and the Gauss-Bonnet invariant. We consider two particular cases based on the previous studies of the background solutions. If this coupling has the form used in [D. D. Doneva and S. S. Yazadjiev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 131103 (2018)] the fundamental branch of solutions is stable, except for very small masses. In the case of a coupling function quadratic in the scalar field [H. O. Silva, J. Sakstein, L. Gualtieri, T. P. Sotiriou, and E. Berti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 131104 (2018)], though, the whole fundamental branch is unstable.

Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that ET will have on domains as broad and diverse as fundamental physics, cosmology, early Universe, astrophysics of compact objects, physics of matter in extreme conditions, and dynamics of stellar collapse. We discuss how the study of extreme astrophysical events will be enhanced by multi-messenger observations. We highlight the ET synergies with ground-based and space-borne GW observatories, including multi-band investigations of the same sources, improved parameter estimation, and complementary information on astrophysical or cosmological mechanisms obtained combining observations from different frequency bands. We present advancements in waveform modeling dedicated to third-generation observatories, along with open tools developed within the ET Collaboration for assessing the scientific potentials of different detector configurations. We finally discuss the data analysis challenges posed by third-generation observatories, which will enable access to large populations of sources and provide unprecedented precision.

One of the most common assumptions in the study of neutron star models and their oscillations is that the pressure is isotopic, however, there are arguments that this may not be correct. Thus in the present paper we make a first step towards studying the nonradial oscillations of neutron stars with an anisotropic pressure. We adopt the so-called Cowling approximation where the spacetime metric is kept fixed and the oscillation spectrum for the first few fluid modes is obtained. The effect of the anisotropy on the frequencies is apparent, although with the present results it might be hard to distinguish it from the changes in the frequencies caused by different equations of state.

In the present paper we study the oscillations of fast rotating neutron stars with realistic equations of state (EoS) within the Cowling approximation. We derive improved empirical relations for gravitational wave asteroseismology with $f$-modes, and for the first time we consider not only quadrupolar oscillations but also modes with higher spherical order ($l=|m|=3$, 4). After performing a systematic comparison with polytropic EoS, we show that the empirical relations found in this case approximately also hold for realistic EoS. In addition, we show that these relations will not change significantly even if the Cowling approximation is dropped and the full general relativistic case is considered, although the normalization used here (frequencies and damping times in the nonrotating limit) could differ considerably. We also address the inverse problem; i.e., we investigate in detail what kind of observational data are required in order to determine characteristic neutron star parameters. It is shown that masses, radii and rotation rates can be estimated quite accurately using the derived asteroseismology relations. We also compute the instability window for certain models, i.e., the limiting curve in a $T-\Omega$ plane where the secular Chandrasekhar-Friedman-Schutz instability overcomes dissipative effects, and we show that some of the modern realistic EoS will lead to a larger instability window compared to all of the polytropic ones presented so far in the literature. Additionally, we calculate the $r$-mode instability window and compare it with the $f$-mode case. The overall results for the instability window suggest that it is vital to take into account oscillations with $l=3$, 4 when considering gravitational wave asteroseismology using the $f$-mode in rapidly rotating neutron stars, as these modes can become unstable for a much larger range of parameters than pure quadrupolar oscillations.