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Due to the recent appearance of shares socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios, there have been many studies that compare the results between Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)5 and CMIP6 general circulation models (GCMs). This study attempted to project future drought characteristics in the Cheongmicheon watershed using SSP2-4.5 of Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator-coupled model (ACCESS-CM2) in addition to Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 of ACCESS 1-3 of the same institute. The historical precipitation and temperature data of ACCESS-CM2 were generated better than those of ACCESS 1-3. Two meteorological drought indices, namely, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used to project meteorological drought while a hydrological drought index, Standardized Streamflow Index (SDI), was used to project the hydrological drought characteristics. The metrological data of GCMs were bias-corrected using quantile mapping method and the streamflow was obtained using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and bias-corrected meteorological data. As a result, there were large differences of drought occurrences and severities between RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5 for the values of SPI, SPEI, and SDI. The differences in the minimum values of drought index between near (2021–2060) and far futures (2061–2100) were very small in SSP2-4.5, while those in RCP4.5 were very large. In addition, the longest drought period from SDI was the largest because the variation in precipitation usually affects the streamflow with a lag. Therefore, it was concluded that it is important to consider both CMIP5 and CMIP6 GCMs in establishing the drought countermeasures for the future period.
Jin Hyuck Kim; Jang Hyun Sung; Eun-Sung Chung; Sang Ug Kim; Minwoo Son; Mohammed Sanusi Shiru. Comparison of Projection in Meteorological and Hydrological Droughts in the Cheongmicheon Watershed for RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2066 .
AMA StyleJin Hyuck Kim, Jang Hyun Sung, Eun-Sung Chung, Sang Ug Kim, Minwoo Son, Mohammed Sanusi Shiru. Comparison of Projection in Meteorological and Hydrological Droughts in the Cheongmicheon Watershed for RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin Hyuck Kim; Jang Hyun Sung; Eun-Sung Chung; Sang Ug Kim; Minwoo Son; Mohammed Sanusi Shiru. 2021. "Comparison of Projection in Meteorological and Hydrological Droughts in the Cheongmicheon Watershed for RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2066.
Design flood via flood frequency analysis provides basic information for designing hydraulic structures. Quantification of uncertainty in flood frequency analysis has become an important issue during the past three decades. However, few studies have considered practical procedures for selecting a single design flood in the uncertainty range. Cost-benefit analysis can be incorporated to select a single design flood by calculating the optimal value in the total expected cost function. In particular, in this study, the relationship between conventional flood frequency analysis and cost-benefit analysis is addressed. Additionally, the parameter uncertainty is quantified by the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to find the optimal design floods considering parameter uncertainty. The annual maximum (AM) series and partial duration (PD) series were used to identify the effect of various types of data. The optimal design floods obtained by the cost-benefit analysis considering parameter uncertainty were systematically larger than the design flood obtained by the conventional flood frequency analysis. Regarding the types of data, the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) had the largest values in all return periods, while the Gumbel distribution had the smallest values in all cases.
Sang Ug Kim; Cheol-Eung Lee. Incorporation of Cost-Benefit Analysis Considering Epistemic Uncertainty for Calculating the Optimal Design Flood. Water Resources Management 2021, 35, 757 -774.
AMA StyleSang Ug Kim, Cheol-Eung Lee. Incorporation of Cost-Benefit Analysis Considering Epistemic Uncertainty for Calculating the Optimal Design Flood. Water Resources Management. 2021; 35 (2):757-774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Ug Kim; Cheol-Eung Lee. 2021. "Incorporation of Cost-Benefit Analysis Considering Epistemic Uncertainty for Calculating the Optimal Design Flood." Water Resources Management 35, no. 2: 757-774.
Water resource planning in a trans-boundary river basin is complex because of different institutional and scientific concerns and it may become increasingly difficult as a consequence of water scarcity caused by climate change. The analysis of discharge variations in a trans-boundary river basin is very important because the results can be key to resolve complex problems including decreased hydropower generation, degraded water quality, and deficient water supplies. Despite its importance, there are relatively few studies dealing with hydrological variation in a trans-boundary river basin. Therefore, this study used the hydrological sensitivity method to identify the discharge variation in the Hwacheon dam upper basin, a representative trans-boundary river basin between South Korea and North Korea. This particular basin was selected because the inflow into the Hwacheon dam in South Korea has decreased significantly after the construction of the Imnam dam in North Korea in 2000. The hydrological sensitivity method is a simple approach to analyze variations in discharge. After collecting 51 years (1967–2017) of rainfall and inflow data, a change point that represents an abrupt change in the time series was detected by using moving average, double-mass curve analysis, Pettitt’s test, and Bayesian change-point analysis. The change point detected by these methods was 1999. The hydrological sensitivity method using five Budyko-based functions was applied to a time series divided into before and after the detected change point. The average decrease after 1999 was 464.91 mm/y (or 1899 × 106 m3/y). Also, the maximum and minimum decreases after 1999 were 515.24 mm/y (or 2105 × 106 m3/y) and 435.32 mm/y (or 1778 × 106 m3/y), respectively. Because of the increase in rainfall and the decrease in inflow since 2000, the values determined in this study are slightly larger than those from conventional studies. Finally, it is suggested that the results from this study can be used effectively to establish reasonable water resource planning in the trans-boundary river basin between South Korea and North Korea.
Sang Ug Kim; Xiao Yu. Analysis of Dam Inflow Variation Using the Hydrological Sensitivity Method in a Trans-Boundary River Basin: Case Study in the Korean Peninsula. Water 2019, 11, 395 .
AMA StyleSang Ug Kim, Xiao Yu. Analysis of Dam Inflow Variation Using the Hydrological Sensitivity Method in a Trans-Boundary River Basin: Case Study in the Korean Peninsula. Water. 2019; 11 (2):395.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Ug Kim; Xiao Yu. 2019. "Analysis of Dam Inflow Variation Using the Hydrological Sensitivity Method in a Trans-Boundary River Basin: Case Study in the Korean Peninsula." Water 11, no. 2: 395.
Due to global climate change, it is possible to experience the new trend of flood in the near future. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact of climate change on flood when establishing sustainable water resources management policy. In order to predict the future flood events, the frequency analysis is commonly applied. Traditional methods for flood frequency analysis are based on the assumption of stationarity, which is questionable under the climate change, although many techniques that are based on stationarity have been developed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and compare all of the corresponding effects of three different data sets (observed, RCP 4.5, and 8.5), two different frequency models (stationary and non-stationary), and two different frequency analysis procedures (rainfall frequency first approach and direct discharge approach). As a result, the design flood from the observed data by the stationary frequency model and rainfall frequency first approach can be concluded the most reasonable. Thus, the design flood from the RCP 8.5 by the non-stationary frequency model and rainfall frequency first approach should be carefully used for the establishment of flood prevention measure while considering climate change and uncertainty.
Sang Ug Kim; Minwoo Son; Eun-Sung Chung; Xiao Yu. Effects of Non-Stationarity on Flood Frequency Analysis: Case Study of the Cheongmicheon Watershed in South Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1329 .
AMA StyleSang Ug Kim, Minwoo Son, Eun-Sung Chung, Xiao Yu. Effects of Non-Stationarity on Flood Frequency Analysis: Case Study of the Cheongmicheon Watershed in South Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1329.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Ug Kim; Minwoo Son; Eun-Sung Chung; Xiao Yu. 2018. "Effects of Non-Stationarity on Flood Frequency Analysis: Case Study of the Cheongmicheon Watershed in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1329.
Several natural disasters occur because of torrential rainfalls. The change in global climate most likely increases the occurrences of such downpours. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of the torrential rainfall events in order to introduce effective measures for mitigating disasters such as urban floods and landslides. However, one of the major problems is evaluating the number of torrential rainfall events from a statistical viewpoint. If the number of torrential rainfall occurrences during a month is considered as count data, their frequency distribution could be identified using a probability distribution. Generally, the number of torrential rainfall occurrences has been analyzed using the Poisson distribution (POI) or the Generalized Poisson Distribution (GPD). However, it was reported that POI and GPD often overestimated or underestimated the observed count data when additional or fewer zeros were included. Hence, in this study, a zero-inflated model concept was applied to solve this problem existing in the conventional models. Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP) model, Zero-Inflated Generalized Poisson (ZIGP) model, and the Bayesian ZIGP model have often been applied to fit the count data having additional or fewer zeros. However, the applications of these models in water resource management have been very limited despite their efficiency and accuracy. The five models, namely, POI, GPD, ZIP, ZIGP, and Bayesian ZIGP, were applied to the torrential rainfall data having additional zeros obtained from two rain gauges in South Korea, and their applicability was examined in this study. In particular, the informative prior distributions evaluated via the empirical Bayes method using ten rain gauges were developed in the Bayesian ZIGP model. Finally, it was suggested to avoid using the POI and GPD models to fit the frequency of torrential rainfall data. In addition, it was concluded that the Bayesian ZIGP model used in this study provided the most accurate results for the count data having additional zeros. Moreover, it was recommended that the ZIP model could be an alternative from a practical viewpoint, as the Bayesian approach used in this study was considerably complex.
Cheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim. Applicability of Zero-Inflated Models to Fit the Torrential Rainfall Count Data with Extra Zeros in South Korea. Water 2017, 9, 123 .
AMA StyleCheol-Eung Lee, Sang Ug Kim. Applicability of Zero-Inflated Models to Fit the Torrential Rainfall Count Data with Extra Zeros in South Korea. Water. 2017; 9 (2):123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim. 2017. "Applicability of Zero-Inflated Models to Fit the Torrential Rainfall Count Data with Extra Zeros in South Korea." Water 9, no. 2: 123.
Hydrological responses are being impacted by both climate change and human activities. In particular, climate change and regional human activities have accelerated significantly during the last three decades in South Korea. The variation in runoff due to the two types of factors should be quantitatively investigated to aid effective water resources’ planning and management. In water resources’ planning, analysis using various time scales is useful where rainfall is unevenly distributed. However, few studies analyzed the impacts of these two factors over different time scales. In this study, hydrologic model-based approach and hydrologic sensitivity were used to separate the relative impacts of these two factors at monthly, seasonal and annual time scales in the Soyang Dam upper basin and the Seom River basin in South Korea. After trend analysis using the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test to identify the causes of gradual change, three techniques, such as the double mass curve method, Pettitt’s test and the BCP (Bayesian change point) analysis, were used to detect change points caused by abrupt changes in the collected observed runoff. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models calibrated from the natural periods were used to calculate the impacts of human activities. Additionally, six Budyko-based methods were used to verify the results obtained from the hydrological-based approach. The results show that impacts of climate change have been stronger than those of human activities in the Soyang Dam upper basin, while the impacts of human activities have been stronger than those of climate change in the Seom River basin. Additionally, the quantitative characteristics of relative impacts due to these two factors were identified at the monthly, seasonal and annual time scales. Finally, we suggest that the procedure used in this study can be used as a reference for regional water resources’ planning and management.
Sangho Lee; Sang Ug Kim. Quantification of Hydrological Responses Due to Climate Change and Human Activities over Various Time Scales in South Korea. Water 2017, 9, 34 .
AMA StyleSangho Lee, Sang Ug Kim. Quantification of Hydrological Responses Due to Climate Change and Human Activities over Various Time Scales in South Korea. Water. 2017; 9 (1):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSangho Lee; Sang Ug Kim. 2017. "Quantification of Hydrological Responses Due to Climate Change and Human Activities over Various Time Scales in South Korea." Water 9, no. 1: 34.
Son, M., Byun, J., Kim, S., and Chung, E.-S., 2016. Effect of particale size on calibration of Schmidt number. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 148–152. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The effect of particle size on calibrating the Schmidt number (σc) is numerically investigated in this study. The experiments are carried out under different conditions of flow type and particle size. From calculation results, it is known that σc is calibrated to be 0.25 to 2.0 as the particle size changes from 320 μm to 130 μm. The value of σc shows the inverse-relationship with particle size. σc determines the particle diffusivity. When σc is smaller than 1.0, the particle diffusivity becomes larger than the momentum diffusivity. A large particle having large inertia can diffuse relatively more compared to small particle under the condition that the turbulent intensity decreases. Therefore, σc is calibrated to be small as the particle size increases. This idea is examined by calculating the Stokes number and sediment diffusivity. As the particle size increases, both of Stokes number and sediment diffusivity also increase.
Minwoo Son; Jisun Byun; Sang Ug Kim; Eun-Sung Chung. Effect of Particle Size on Calibration of Schmidt Number. Journal of Coastal Research 2016, 75, 148 -152.
AMA StyleMinwoo Son, Jisun Byun, Sang Ug Kim, Eun-Sung Chung. Effect of Particle Size on Calibration of Schmidt Number. Journal of Coastal Research. 2016; 75 (sp1):148-152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinwoo Son; Jisun Byun; Sang Ug Kim; Eun-Sung Chung. 2016. "Effect of Particle Size on Calibration of Schmidt Number." Journal of Coastal Research 75, no. sp1: 148-152.
Change point analysis is an efficient tool to understand the fundamental information in hydro-meteorological data such as rainfall, discharge, temperature etc. Especially, the result of a reasonable change point detection method can be effectively used in the prediction of flood and drought because it provides a key to resolve the non-stationary or inhomogeneous problem by climate change. However, relatively few studies have addressed the performance of the change point detection skills through comparative study and applications using real data. Therefore, in this study, the comparative study to assess the performance of the three change point detection skills; Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) method, Bayesian Change Point (BCP) method, and segmentation by Dynamic Programming (DP) was performed. After assessment of the performance of the proposed detection skills, the two reasonable detection skills were applied to the observed and future rainfall data at the 5 rainfall gauges in South Korea. The three types of the synthetic rainfall data, homogeneous series and inhomogeneous series with a single shift and multiple shifts were generated firstly to assess performance of the detection skills. Especially, the exact number of change points, position error of detected change points and the three indicators were used to assess performance of each detection skill. Finally, it was suggested that BCP (with 0.9 posterior probability) could be best detection skill and DP could be reasonably recommended through the comparative study. Also it was suggested that BCP (with 0.9 posterior probability) and DP detection skills to find some change points could be reasonable at the North-eastern part in South Korea. In future, the results in this study can be efficiently used to resolve the non-stationary problems in water resources management and design of hydraulic structures.
Sangho Lee; Sang Ug Kim. Comparison between change point detection methods with synthetic rainfall data and application in South Korea. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 2014, 20, 1558 -1571.
AMA StyleSangho Lee, Sang Ug Kim. Comparison between change point detection methods with synthetic rainfall data and application in South Korea. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2014; 20 (4):1558-1571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSangho Lee; Sang Ug Kim. 2014. "Comparison between change point detection methods with synthetic rainfall data and application in South Korea." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4: 1558-1571.
Cheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim; Yeong Seob Lee. Estimation of the Regional Future Sea Level Rise Using Long-term Tidal Data in the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 2014, 47, 753 -766.
AMA StyleCheol-Eung Lee, Sang Ug Kim, Yeong Seob Lee. Estimation of the Regional Future Sea Level Rise Using Long-term Tidal Data in the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association. 2014; 47 (9):753-766.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim; Yeong Seob Lee. 2014. "Estimation of the Regional Future Sea Level Rise Using Long-term Tidal Data in the Korean Peninsula." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 47, no. 9: 753-766.
Sangho Lee; Sang Ug Kim; Yeong Seob Lee; Jang Hyun Sung. Intercomparison of Change Point Analysis Methods for Identification of Inhomogeneity in Rainfall Series and Applications. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 2014, 47, 671 -684.
AMA StyleSangho Lee, Sang Ug Kim, Yeong Seob Lee, Jang Hyun Sung. Intercomparison of Change Point Analysis Methods for Identification of Inhomogeneity in Rainfall Series and Applications. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association. 2014; 47 (8):671-684.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSangho Lee; Sang Ug Kim; Yeong Seob Lee; Jang Hyun Sung. 2014. "Intercomparison of Change Point Analysis Methods for Identification of Inhomogeneity in Rainfall Series and Applications." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 47, no. 8: 671-684.
Sang Ug Kim; Yeong Seob Lee; Cheol-Eung Lee. The Application of Various Non-parametric Trend Tests to Observed and Future Rainfall Data in the Nakdong River Basin. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 2014, 47, 223 -235.
AMA StyleSang Ug Kim, Yeong Seob Lee, Cheol-Eung Lee. The Application of Various Non-parametric Trend Tests to Observed and Future Rainfall Data in the Nakdong River Basin. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association. 2014; 47 (3):223-235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Ug Kim; Yeong Seob Lee; Cheol-Eung Lee. 2014. "The Application of Various Non-parametric Trend Tests to Observed and Future Rainfall Data in the Nakdong River Basin." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 47, no. 3: 223-235.
Determination of the frequency and the magnitude of the extreme rainfall events are very important for water resources management and the designs of the hydraulic structures because the extreme rainfall events and the resulting floods usually cause a lot of damage to life and properties of human society. Recently an increase in the occurrence of extreme events due to global warming has been observed all over the world. Therefore, it is required that the conventional rainfall frequency analysis methods may be reconsidered in two ways. Firstly, the conventional probability distributions used in the frequency analysis should be evaluated again whether the probability distribution can represent the effect of the extreme value or not. Also, the uncertainty in the rainfall frequency analysis should be quantified for the flexible water resources management. Therefore, the comparative study with the Gumbel distribution and the GEV(Generalized Extreme Value) distribution are performed to evaluate the efficiency of the GEV distribution in this article. Also, the Bayesian MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo) scheme and the MLE with a quadratic approximation for parameter estimation are compared to show the advantage of the Bayesian MCMC in the aspect of uncertainty analysis. Especially, the informative prior distributions using the additional information are elicited in the process of the Bayesian MCMC.
Eun-Sung Chung; Sang Ug Kim. Bayesian rainfall frequency analysis with extreme value using the informative prior distribution. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 2013, 17, 1502 -1514.
AMA StyleEun-Sung Chung, Sang Ug Kim. Bayesian rainfall frequency analysis with extreme value using the informative prior distribution. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. 2013; 17 (6):1502-1514.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEun-Sung Chung; Sang Ug Kim. 2013. "Bayesian rainfall frequency analysis with extreme value using the informative prior distribution." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 6: 1502-1514.
Currently, an operational strategy for the maintenance of reservoirs is an important issue because of the reduction of reservoir storage from sedimentation. However, relatively few studies have addressed the reliability analysis including uncertainty on the decrease of the reservoir storage by the sedimentation. Therefore, it is necessary that the reduction of the reservoir storage by the sedimentation should be assessed by a probabilistic viewpoint because the natural uncertainty is embedded in the process of the sedimentation. The objective of this study is to advance the maintenance procedures, especially the assessment of future reservoir storage, using the time-dependent reliability analysis with the Bayesian approach. The stochastic gamma process is applied to estimate the reduction of the Soyang dam reservoir storage in South Korea. In estimating the parameters of the stochastic gamma process, the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme using the informative prior distribution through the empirical Bayes method is applied. The Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is constructed and its convergence is checked by the various diagnostics. The range of the expected life time of the Soyang dam reservoir by the Bayesian MCMC is estimated from 111 to 172 years at a 5 % significance level. Finally, it is suggested that improving the assessment strategy in this study can provide valuable information to the decision makers who are in charge of the maintenance of a reservoir or a dam.
Cheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim; Sangho Lee. Time-dependent reliability analysis using Bayesian MCMC on the reduction of reservoir storage by sedimentation. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 2013, 28, 639 -654.
AMA StyleCheol-Eung Lee, Sang Ug Kim, Sangho Lee. Time-dependent reliability analysis using Bayesian MCMC on the reduction of reservoir storage by sedimentation. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 2013; 28 (3):639-654.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim; Sangho Lee. 2013. "Time-dependent reliability analysis using Bayesian MCMC on the reduction of reservoir storage by sedimentation." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 28, no. 3: 639-654.
Cheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim. Stochastic Probability Model for Preventive Management of Armor Units of Rubble-Mound Breakwaters. Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers 2013, 33, 1007 -1015.
AMA StyleCheol-Eung Lee, Sang Ug Kim. Stochastic Probability Model for Preventive Management of Armor Units of Rubble-Mound Breakwaters. Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers. 2013; 33 (3):1007-1015.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim. 2013. "Stochastic Probability Model for Preventive Management of Armor Units of Rubble-Mound Breakwaters." Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33, no. 3: 1007-1015.
This study developed a new framework that prioritized the best sites for treated wastewater (TWW) instream use using fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (fuzzy TOPSIS), a fuzzy-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique. We identified key criteria for TWW use based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework that considered technical, social, economic and environmental aspects. We also introduced triangular fuzzy numbers and conducted individual interviews to consider the uncertainty of weighting values and input data. This procedure was applied at ten sites in a South Korean urban watershed, where hydrologic modeling exercises were performed. Our simulation results for water quantity (i.e., drought flow, low flow and the days to satisfy instream flow) and water quality (i.e., BOD concentration and the days to satisfy target water quality) showed significant inter-annual variability that could be better represented with fuzzy numbers. Furthermore, the use of fuzzy TOPSIS gave different rankings of the best sites for TWW use compared to those obtained from a weighting sum method, a traditional MCDM technique. Such varied rankings with different MCDM techniques indicate the need for fuzzy-based techniques, considering various uncertainties and thus being less controversial.
Yeonjoo Kim; Eun-Sung Chung; Sang-Mook Jun; Sang Ug Kim. Prioritizing the best sites for treated wastewater instream use in an urban watershed using fuzzy TOPSIS. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2013, 73, 23 -32.
AMA StyleYeonjoo Kim, Eun-Sung Chung, Sang-Mook Jun, Sang Ug Kim. Prioritizing the best sites for treated wastewater instream use in an urban watershed using fuzzy TOPSIS. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2013; 73 ():23-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeonjoo Kim; Eun-Sung Chung; Sang-Mook Jun; Sang Ug Kim. 2013. "Prioritizing the best sites for treated wastewater instream use in an urban watershed using fuzzy TOPSIS." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73, no. : 23-32.
Cheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim. Identification of Uncertainty on the Reduction of Dead Storage in Soyang Dam Using Bayesian Stochastic Reliability Analysis. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 2013, 46, 315 -326.
AMA StyleCheol-Eung Lee, Sang Ug Kim. Identification of Uncertainty on the Reduction of Dead Storage in Soyang Dam Using Bayesian Stochastic Reliability Analysis. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association. 2013; 46 (3):315-326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheol-Eung Lee; Sang Ug Kim. 2013. "Identification of Uncertainty on the Reduction of Dead Storage in Soyang Dam Using Bayesian Stochastic Reliability Analysis." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 46, no. 3: 315-326.