Protic ionic liquids (PILs) being intrinsic proton conducting ionic species are considered as potential green electrolytes for study of electrocatalytic reactions and for fabrication of IL-based fuel cells (FCs) and batteries. We have prepared a sulfate anion based protic ionic liquid (PIL), triethylammonium sulfate (TEAS) through a reaction involving transfer of proton from H ₂ SO ₄ to triethylamine (TEA). ¹ H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques were employed for confirmation of the synthesis of TEAS and water content of the PIL was quantified using coulometric Karl–Fischer (KF) titration. ¹ H NMR and FT-IR analysis confirm the synthesis of the PILs and KF-titration analysis shows that TEAS contains 1.43 w/w % water. Electrical conductivity of TEAS was determined at different temperatures showing that the PIL has excellent ionic conductivity that enhances with rise in temperature of the medium. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the PIL follows the Arrhenius equation as the log σ versus 1/ T plot is linear. The electrochemical windows (EWs) of the electrolyte were found using cyclic voltammetry at Pt and Au working electrodes and found to decrease with increase in temperature of the medium. The data revealed that the surfaces of the electrodes are covered with oxide layers due to oxidation of trace water (1.43 w/w %) present in the PIL. The oxide layers growth increase and their onset potential moves to less positive values as the temperature of the PILs is increased. The data was compared with the literature and would be helpful in understanding of the surface electrochemistry in this neoteric medium for being used as potential electrolyte in industry for various electrochemical applications.

In plants, development, growth and yield most severely affected through saline soil/water in growth medium, ultimately cause severe threat to global food production for human being. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most edible crop in Pakistan. Production of this crop can be improved through using marginal areas with the help of growing salt-tolerant varieties. The present investigation is carried out to screen out six local wheat varieties (F.Sarhad, Insaf, Lalma, Tatora, Bathoor and Barsat) with reference to their vegetative and reproductive growth, different physiological parameters [relative water content (RWC), electrolyte-leakage (EL) and leaf water loss (LWL)] and ionic status of plants. Present experiment designed in completely randomized manner (CRD) and 54 pots were arranged in the Botanical Garden, Department of Botany. These pots arranged in 6 lines with 9 pots/line and each line was irrigated with non-saline (control), 50 mM and 150 mM NaCl solution. The data from present research revealed that application of salt cause significant reduction in plant-height, root-length, fresh-biomass, dry-biomass, seed number/plant, seed weight/plant, spike-weight, relative water content, leaf water loss, and different ions of plants. Similarly at same applied doses of salt weight of 100 seeds, spike-length, electrolyte-leakage, Na+ and Cl- ions become increased. It has been concluded from the results of present study that varieties F. Sarhad, Insaf and Lalma exhibited more salt tolerance as compare to other varieties. So, these recommended for growing on moderately salt affected soil/water to achieve more yield of wheat from such affected lands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Background: For medicinal purposes, biological activities are carried out on plant secondary metabolites in which common but very significant antimicrobial activities are focused. To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Fagonia cretica L., different pathogenic microbial strains were obtained from KP, hospitals (already identified) to resolve the objectives of the current study.Methods: In the agar, well diffusion method, a total of eight strains (4 bacterial 4 fungal) Streptococcus mutans, MRSA (Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus), Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus are the bacterial strains while the fungal strains are Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Polysphondylium pallidum pre-identified and isolated in hospitals, were used respectively to evaluate the potentiality of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, aqueous, and crude methanolic fractions against these strains.Keywords: Virgin’s mantle; Fagonia cretica; Antibacterial; AntifungalResults: The highest significant (46-57% & 39-60%) antibacterial and antifungal activities were shown by the methanolic fraction while the lowest (28-35% & 25-35%) antibacterial and antifungal was shown by aqueous fraction against the selected microbial strains. Other fractions were also exhibited reasonable antimicrobial activities.Conclusion: The current study concluded that different fractions of F. cretica have significant antimicrobial potential and might be a source of antibiotics in future studies of that plant.Keywords: Virgin’s mantle; Fagonia cretica; Antibacterial; Antifungal