Endometriosis (E) and adenomyosis (A) are associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms and may present various histopathological transformations, such as the presence of hyperplasia, atypia, and malignant transformation occurring under the influence of local inflammatory, vascular and hormonal factors and by the alteration of tumor suppressor proteins and the inhibition of cell apoptosis, with an increased degree of lesion proliferation. Material and methods: This retrospective study included 243 patients from whom tissue with E/A or normal control uterine tissue was harvested and stained by histochemical and classical immunohistochemical staining. We assessed the symptomatology of the patients, the structure of the ectopic epithelium and the presence of neovascularization, hormone receptors, inflammatory cells and oncoproteins involved in lesion development. Atypical areas were analyzed using multiple immunolabeling techniques. Results: The cytokeratin (CK) CK7+/CK20− expression profile was present in E foci and differentiated them from digestive metastases. The neovascularization marker cluster of differentiation (CD) 34+ was increased, especially in areas with malignant transformation of E or A foci. T:CD3+ lymphocytes, B:CD20+ lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages and tryptase+ mast cells were abundant, especially in cases associated with malignant transformation, being markers of the proinflammatory microenvironment. In addition, we found a significantly increased cell division index (Ki67+), with transformation and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes p53, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in areas with E/A-transformed malignancy. Conclusions: Proinflammatory/vascular/hormonal changes trigger E/A progression and the onset of cellular atypia and malignant transformation, exacerbating symptoms, especially local pain and vaginal bleeding. These triggers may represent future therapeutic targets.

Oxidative stress, defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several pregnancy complications, notably preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). During normal pregnancy, low to moderate ROS levels support essential placental functions such as angiogenesis and trophoblast differentiation. However, excessive ROS production overwhelms antioxidant systems, leading to lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA damage, and impaired placental function. This review synthesizes current evidence linking oxidative stress to adverse pregnancy outcomes, highlighting key biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). While antioxidant therapies—particularly vitamins C and E, selenium, and folic acid—have shown promise in reducing oxidative markers, their impact on clinical outcomes remains inconsistent. The variability in results underscores the need for standardized biomarker protocols and personalized treatment strategies based on genetic predispositions and baseline oxidative status. Future research may better harness antioxidant interventions to improve maternal–fetal health by addressing these gaps.

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health challenge, disproportionately affecting women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16 and HPV18, is the central cause of cervical carcinogenesis, driven by the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which disrupt the host tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Advances in molecular understanding have catalyzed effective primary and secondary prevention strategies. Prophylactic HPV vaccination, especially the nonavalent formulation, has demonstrated high efficacy in reducing HPV infections and cervical precancer. Concurrently, HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing, self-sampling, and screen-and-treat protocols are transforming screening paradigms, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, global disparities in vaccine access, screening coverage, and health infrastructure persist, impeding progress toward the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 90–70–90 elimination targets. By synthesizing recent advances in virology, prevention strategies, and implementation innovations, such as therapeutic vaccines, artificial-intelligence (AI)-driven diagnostics, and mobile health solutions, this review sheds light on their potential to narrow these equity gaps.

Background and Objectives: Fetal ovarian cysts (FOCs) are a very rare pathology that can be associated with maternal–fetal and neonatal complications. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of ultrasound characteristics on FOC evolution and therapeutic management. Materials and Methods: We included cases admitted to our perinatal tertiary center between August 2016 and December 2022 with a prenatal or postnatal ultrasound evaluation indicative of FOC. We retrospectively analyzed the pre- and postnatal medical records, sonographic findings, operation protocols, and pathology reports. Results: This study investigated 20 cases of FOCs, of which 17 (85%) were diagnosed prenatally and 3 (15%) postnatally. The mean size of prenatally diagnosed ovarian cysts was 34.64 ± 12.53 mm for simple ovarian cysts and 55.16 ± 21.01 mm for complex ovarian cysts (p = 0.01). The simple FOCs ≤ 4 cm underwent resorption (n = 7, 70%) or size reduction (n = 3, 30%) without complications. Only 1 simple FOC greater than 4 cm reduced its size during follow-up, while 2 cases (66.6%) were complicated with ovarian torsion. Complex ovarian cysts diagnosed prenatally underwent resorption in only 1 case (25%), reduced in size in 1 case (25%), and were complicated with ovarian torsion in 2 cases (50%). Moreover, 2 simple (66.6%) and 1 complex (33.3%) fetal ovarian cysts were postnatally diagnosed. All of these simple ovarian cysts had a maximum diameter of ≤4 cm, and all of them underwent size reduction. The complex ovarian cyst of 4 cm underwent resorption during follow-up. Conclusions: Symptomatic neonatal ovarian cysts, as well as those that grow in size during sonographic follow-up, are in danger of ovarian torsion and should be operated on. Complex cysts and large cysts (with >4 cm diameter) could be followed up unless they become symptomatic or increase in dimensions during serial ultrasounds.

(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy could determine important maternal and fetal complications. We aimed to prospectively assess placental immunohistochemical changes, immunophenotyping alterations, and pregnancy outcomes in a cohort of patients with COVID-19; (2) Methods: 52 pregnant patients admitted to a tertiary maternity center between October 2020 and November 2021 were segregated into two equal groups, depending on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood samples, fragments of umbilical cord, amniotic membranes, and placental along with clinical data were collected. Descriptive statistics and a conditional logistic regression model were used for data analysis; (3) Results: Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm labor and neonatal intensive care unit admission did not significantly differ between groups. The immunophenotyping analysis indicated that patients with moderate–severe forms of COVID-19 had a significantly reduced population of T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells (only numeric), CD4+/CD8+ index, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. Our immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue samples failed to demonstrate positivity for CD19, CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD56 markers; (4) Conclusions: Immunophenotyping analysis could be useful for risk stratification of pregnant patients, while further studies are needed to determine the extent of immunological decidual response in patients with various forms of COVID-19.