Smallholders are often seen as a weak point in the development of oil palm plantation production. The quality and yield of their production are considered low according to world market standards; the continuity of their production is irregular; and finally, improving the welfare of farmers is difficult to achieve. However, smallholder plantations have an important and strategic role in achieving sustainable development. This study aims to assess the social life cycle assessment of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bengkulu Province by involving stakeholders consisting of workers, local communities, farm owners, and value chain actors. A total of 600 respondents were selected using quota sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using social-life cycle assessment, involving various social issues and relevant social indicators for each stakeholder. The findings in our research show that smallholder oil palm plantations still do not meet the minimum wage for workers, and the equipment used by workers is still very minimal in terms of security and safety guarantees. The price of palm oil continues to fluctuate, and plantation policies are constantly changing, making it difficult for oil palm owners to meet the standards and various rules that are set for managing oil palm plantations. In addition, oil palm plantations are no longer a guarantee for the fulfillment of food security conditions for household owners, workers, communities, and actors involved in the oil palm institutional chain. Our finding is that, surprisingly, there is a low level of commitment by smallholders and the government to sustainability in oil palm plantations. The Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil as standards for sustainable oil palm plantations, as well as global standards for oil palm plantations to demonstrate environmentally friendly production processes, have not been able to compel smallholders to implement sustainable development in oil palm. Various policies formulated by the Indonesian government are perceived to have not addressed the core issues faced by small-scale farmers. Policies supporting small-scale farmers, particularly those related to increasing productivity, fostering and monitoring the environmental management of palm oil plantation activities, and ensuring ownership of plantation, are necessary for the achievement of sustainable smallholder palm oil plantation development.

Smallholder oil palm plantations play an essential role in the Indonesian economy, both on a national, regional, local, and household scale. However, no data or studies show how much smallholder oil palm plantations contribute to achieving in each sustainable development goals (SDGs). The development of smallholder oil palm plantations, like other economic developments, wherever conducted needs to provide benefits to the community such that it exceeds the costs incurred, including the costs of preserving and protecting the environment. To assess its contribution, it is essential to examine the Sustainable Development targets in which smallholder oil palm plantations contribute. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining sustainable development goals to which smallholder oil palm plantations can contribute. Based on focus group discussion and the literature review, there are 13 SDGs for smallholder oil palm plantations that contribute and play a role in achieving the targets set by the United Nations in sustainable development. These results are significant as a basis for further studies to prove the presumption concerning the role and positive contribution of smallholder oil palm plantations in each of the existing SDG targets.

Small-scale fisheries are facing significant challenges from climate change. Fishers feel the impact of climate change, which forces them to adapt. We, therefore, analyzed local climatic changes, fishers’ perceptions regarding climate change and its impacts, adaptation responses, and determinants. Three decades of meteorological data were analyzed (1985–2020). A total of 300 fishermen were selected using quota sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the descriptive and binary logit regression models to explain the determinants of adaptation responses. The findings indicate that fishers’ perceptions of climatic changes align with historical climatic data. Typologies of adaptation responses used in the study showed that time fishing adjustment was the most widely used adaptation option by fishermen. For this reason, fishermen are very active in looking for information about climate change to help them find the right time to go to sea and reduce the risk of climate change. Analysis using the binary logit regression model showed that fishing income, boat power, and climate change perceptions were the significant ( ) factors significantly influencing adaptation responses. Therefore, to strengthen the adaptation responses in small-scale fisheries, fishers’ perceptions should be considered.

Adaptation is a key strategy to reduce the severe impacts of climate change on the fishery. Adaptation strategies are unlikely to be effective without an understanding of the fishermen's perception on climate change. This paper explores fishermen's knowledge on climate change perceptions and their climate change adaptation in response to the perceived impacts of climate change. A survey by interviewing randomly selected 90 marine capture fishermen was conducted in Bengkulu from March to June 2018. The results indicate that most fishermen understand climate change as a change of east and west monsoon that directly affect their fishing activities. In terms of climate change defined as a continuous change of temperature, humidity, and rainfall, most fishermen have no sufficient knowledge on climate change. The important adaptation strategies include diversification of household economic activities, augmenting of fishing gear, change the fishing ground, mobilization of family members to work, and fishing time adjustment.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sistem agribisnis kelapa sawit rakyat dengan menggunakan metode literature review. Pendekatan ini mengkaji berbagai aspek agribisnis, mencakup subsistem input dan sarana produksi, subsistem produksi, pengolahan, pemasaran, serta subsistem penunjang yang mendukung keberlanjutan sistem agribisnis tersebut. Studi menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat sangat dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan bibit berkualitas, penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida yang sesuai, serta penerapan alat dan mesin pertanian secara efisien. Dalam subsistem produksi, manajemen penanaman, pemeliharaan, serta pemanenan yang sesuai standar menjadi faktor kunci dalam meningkatkan hasil panen. Subsistem pengolahan mencakup proses transformasi Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) menjadi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan produk turunan lainnya yang diolah oleh industri hilir. Pemasaran produk CPO dilakukan melalui distribusi domestik dan ekspor, dengan dukungan subsistem penunjang seperti penelitian dan pengembangan untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk, serta akses ke lembaga keuangan guna mendukung pembiayaan usaha. Artikel ini menekankan pentingnya sinergi antar subsistem dan efektivitas manajerial di setiap tahap agribisnis kelapa sawit rakyat. Evaluasi berkala terhadap seluruh subsistem diperlukan untuk memastikan peningkatan produktivitas, efisiensi, dan keberlanjutan usaha di tengah tantangan pasar global dan tuntutan lingkungan.