Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology plays a crucial role in flue gas denitration. The nonuniform distribution of catalyst inlet parameters causes the nonuniform distribution of NO concentration at the outlet, thus affecting accuracy of ammonia injection. Regarding this issue, this paper describes the impacts of nonuniform velocity and temperature on both the confidence of NO concentration measured at a single measuring point at the outlet and the denitration efficiency, which can provide a basis for structural optimization of SCR denitration reactor and decrease in ammonia slip. The random distribution form of velocity and temperature above the catalyst layer are derived from the actual gas volume and the actual SCR reactor model, and then the catalyst inlet boundary conditions were generated with different relative standard deviation of velocity and temperature accordingly. The confidence of outlet NO concentration measurement results can be counted by means of Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the relation model can be obtained to calculate the confidence of outlet NO concentration measurement results at different working conditions. The results show that within the gas volume range of this work, in order to ensure the confidence of the NO concentration measurement results, the relative standard deviation of temperature before the catalyst inlet must be within 0.005 and the relative standard deviation of velocity before the catalyst inlet must be within 0.1. With the increase in relative standard difference in temperature, there is a slight decrease in the efficiency of denitration. With the different mean value of temperature, the variation range of denitration efficiency is similar to that of temperature-relative standard difference. With the different mean value of velocity, the deviation range of corresponding efficiency is similar to that of the temperature-relative standard difference. When the relative standard difference in velocity increases, the denitration efficiency decreases slightly. The greater velocity value, the decreasing range of denitration efficiency is larger than the variation range of relative standard difference in velocity.

Ground thermal properties are prerequisites for designing the size of borehole heat exchanger. In this study, a 3D heat transfer model is developed to simulate the thermal response test (TRT) of shallow coaxial borehole heat exchanger (SCBHE), and effects of ground thermal properties on the slope of the mean value of inlet and outlet fluid temperatures are studied. The results show that the slope is strongly affected by ground thermal conductivity and is slightly affected by ground thermal capacity, and that ground thermal capacity only has a small effect on the slope. Then, by using the difference between the experimental slope and calculated slope as the objective function to estimate ground thermal conductivity, an improved parameter estimation method (PEM) is proposed to estimate ground thermal properties of SCBHE using the simulated TRT data, and it is compared with the direct method. The results show that ground thermal conductivity and thermal capacity estimated by the improved PEM are accurate for different ground thermal properties, and that ground thermal conductivity estimated by the direct method probably has some errors especially for small ground thermal conductivity or thermal capacity, indicating that the improved PEM has much higher precision than the direct method and can be applied for estimating the ground thermal properties of SCBHE.