Introduction: Psychological factors such as anxiety and confidence that students have in the patient care situation are important in that this affects the actual clinical performance. Students who are just starting clinical practice have a lack of clinical knowledge, skill proficiency, and patient communication skills, so they experience anxiety and lack of confidence in clinical setting. Practice in a safe environment, such as simulation education, can help students perform more settled and competently in patient care. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of high-fidelity simulation experience on anxiety and confidence in medical students. Materials and methods: This study enrolled 37 5^th-year students at Ajou University School of Medicine in 2020. Two simulation trainings were implemented, and a survey was conducted to measure students’ level of anxiety and confidence before and after each simulation. Based on the research data, a paired t-test was conducted to compare these variables before and after the simulation, and whether this was their first or second simulation experience. Results: Students had a significantly lower level of anxiety and a significantly higher level of confidence after the simulation than before. In addition, after one simulation experience, students had less anxiety and more confidence before the second simulation compared to those without simulation experience. Conclusions: We confirmed that medical students need to be repeatedly exposed to simulation education experiences in order to have a sense of psychological stability and to competently deliver medical treatment in a clinical setting. There is a practical limitation in that medical students do not have enough opportunities to meet the patients during clinical practice in hospitals. Therefore, in order to produce excellent doctors, students should have the expanded opportunities to experience simulation education so they can experience real-world medical conditions.

This review discusses recent publications that investigate risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy after IVF. Data on the risk factors for developing ectopic pregnancy after IVF are still inconsistent. Between fresh nondonor IVF and embryo transfer cycles, the significant risk factor for ectopic pregnancy was tubal factor infertility, and endometriosis, rather than male factor infertility. Higher ectopic pregnancy rate could be associated with zygote intrafallopian transfer, assisted hatching, large embryo transfer volume, deep fundal transfer, and frozen embryo transfer. The supraphysiologic progesterone level may decrease uterine contractility and enhance implantation in the uterine cavity in fresh embryo transfer compared with frozen embryo transfer cycles. Although recent results suggest reassurance in risk of ectopic pregnancy with frozen transfer, clinicians should be remembering this possibility while performing a frozen embryo transfer. Higher implantation potential per embryo at the blastocyst stage may increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy than cleavage stage. Especially, according to numbers of embryos transferred, different risk of ectopic pregnancy after IVF was noted. Different hormonal milieu, the reproductive health characteristics of infertile women such as distorted tubal function, technical issues of IVF procedures, and the estimated embryo implantation potential are possible risk factors. How each factor contributes to the risk of occurring ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology is uncertain and needs further investigation.