Drought hinders economic and social growth in many areas of China, especially in livestock-dominated Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia. Most studies exclusively utilize rainfall to measure drought. To clarify the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and evolution rules of meteorological drought, monthly observation data from nine meteorological stations in Xilin Gol were used to calculate the (effective drought index, EDI). We studied the spatiotemporal pattern of drought and its influence on vegetation in Xilin Gol using the Mann–Kendall test, (empirical orthogonal function, EOF) decomposition, and quantitative representation. (1) The annual average EDI declined by 0.029/10a, and Xilin Gol experienced an average of 0.5 drought occurrences every year. (2) A normal incidence in Xilin Gol is 67.17–72.65%, and that of severe drought is 0.02–0.99%. (3) Xilin Gol’s drought intensity is mostly concentrated in the central, northeast, and southwest regions, especially southwest and central. (4) The first two principal feature vectors in Xilin Gol contributed 52.75% and 14.38% to the variance. (5) The average (normalized differential vegetation index, NDVI )of desert, typical, and meadow steppe increased, especially in typical steppe (0.034/10a). (6) In Xilin Gol, the NDVI–EDI correlation coefficient ranges from −0.642 to 0.888, with an average of 0.392. Only 1.7% of the areas are adversely linked.