The study provides a review of various applications of biomass-derived biochars, waste-derived biochars, and modified biochars as adsorbent materials for removing dyestuff from process effluents. Processing significant amounts of dye effluent discharges into receiving waters can supply major benefits to countries which are affected by the water crisis and anticipated future stress in many areas in the world. When compared to most conventional adsorbents, biochars can provide an economically attractive solution. In comparison to many other textile effluent treatment processes, adsorption technology provides an economic, easily managed, and highly effective treatment option. Several tabulated data values are provided that summarize the main characteristics of various biochar adsorbents according to their ability to remove dyestuffs from wastewaters.

Microfiltration membranes derived from semi-crystalline polymers face various challenges when synthesized through the extrusion–casting technique, including the use of large quantities of polymer, long casting times, and the generation of substantial waste. This study focuses on synthesizing these membranes using spin-casting, followed by stretch-induced pore formation. Recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and virgin polyethylene powder, combined with a calcium carbonate filler, were used as the source materials for the membranes. The influence of the polymer–filler ratio with and without stretching on the morphology, tensile strength, and water flow rate was investigated. Optimal conditions were determined, emphasizing a balance between pore structure and mechanical integrity. The permeable membrane exhibited a water flow rate of 19 mL/min, a tensile strength of 32 MPa, and a water contact angle of 126°. These membranes effectively eliminated suspended particles from water, with their performance evaluated against that of commercially available membranes. This research, carried out utilizing the spin-casting technique, outlines a synthesis route for microfiltration membranes tailored to semi-crystalline polymers and their plastic forms.

High-performance coatings capable of resisting mechanical wear and corrosive degradation are increasingly required for structures exposed to severe service conditions. To address this challenge, Ni-P coatings reinforced with TiB₂ nanoparticles were produced via electrodeposition on mild steel substrates. The TiB₂ content was varied between 0.25 and 1.00 g/L⁻¹, and comprehensive characterization was conducted using structural, morphological, mechanical, tribological, and electrochemical techniques. XRD and microscopic analyses confirmed effective nanoparticle incorporation, with homogeneous dispersion observed up to 0.75 g/L⁻¹. This optimized concentration promoted grain refinement, reduced porosity, and enhanced coating compactness. Mechanical performance improved significantly, with the 0.75 g/L⁻¹ coating showing the highest hardness, corresponding to an increase of approximately 27.53% ± 6% compared with the unreinforced Ni-P layer. Wear testing indicated substantial reductions in both wear rate and friction coefficient, attributed to the rolling and solid-lubricant behavior of TiB₂ nanoparticles. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrated superior corrosion protection, achieving a protection efficiency of ~97.5% and an Rct value of 7.84 kΩ·cm² in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. In contrast, excessive TiB₂ addition (1.00g/L⁻¹) led to particle agglomeration and localized structural defects, resulting in diminished performance. Numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics supported these findings by revealing non-uniform current density distribution and thickness variations associated with particle-induced perturbations. These results confirm that properly optimized TiB₂ reinforcement significantly enhances the multifunctional performance of Ni-P coatings designed for harsh operational conditions.