Background: Spasticity is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) which affects mobility. Dry Needling (DN) has shown a reduction in spasticity in neuromuscular conditions such as stroke and spinal cord injury although the mechanism of action is still unclear. In spastic individuals, the Rate-Dependent Depression (RDD) of the H reflex is decreased as compared to controls and analyzing the effects of DN in the RDD may help to understand its mechanism of action. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Dry Needling on spasticity measured by the Rate-dependent Depression (RDD) of the H reflex in an MS patient. Methods: Three time points were evaluated: Pre-intervention (T1), Post-intervention assessments were carried out in the seventh week at two-time points: Before DN (T2) and After DN (T3). Main outcomes included the RDD and latency of the H reflex in the lower limbs at stimulation frequencies of 0.1, 1, 2, and 5 Hz in a five consecutive pulses protocol. Results: An impairment of the RDD of the H reflex at frequencies ≥ 1 Hz was found. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the mean RDD of the H reflex in Pre-intervention compared to Post-intervention at 1, 2, and 5 Hz stimulation frequencies. Mean latencies were statistically lower when comparing Pre- vs Post-intervention. Conclusion: Results suggest a partial reduction in spasticity represented by decrease of the excitability of the neural elements involved in the RDD of the H reflex following DN. The RDD of the H reflex could be implemented as an objective tool to monitor changes in spasticity in larger DN trials.

Introduction: To date, there is no systematic study focused on posture-related musculoskeletal pain in college students. Objective: Summarize the evidence of musculoskeletal pain in college students. Eligible criteria: Year of publication between 2015 and 2020, observational studies published in English, full text available, and analysis of the presence of musculoskeletal pain in college students. MESH terms and Boolean operators used for the search were pain AND musculoskeletal AND college students. Data sources: Databases used were PubMed, ClinicalKey, ProQuest, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect. Results: A total of 318 records were identified out of which 296 were excluded, and only 22 were included for analysis. The majority of the records involved college students form the general population, while five involved dental students and five, health science students. The majority of the records involved a setting in which the student was in a constant sitting position, only two involved a dental setting, and one involved a laboratory setting. Conclusions: The most reported sites of pain were neck, shoulders, and upper and lower back.

To date, there is no systematic review that summarizes the morphological adaptations of the musculoskeletal system in response to chronic exercise. This systematic review selected original articles published in English between 2000 and 2020, with a clear exercise intervention and presenting a morphological change in the tissue under study, and covering human participants irrespective of age, gender or health condition. In total, 2819 records were identified. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening and full-text review, 67 records were included in the final analysis (6 for inter-vertebral disc, 6 for cartilage, 36 for bone, 2 for ligament, 9 for tendon and 7 for muscle). The most used interventions were aerobic, resistance, and plyometric exercise. Population ranged from children and healthy active people to individuals with a health condition. In conclusion, as a response to chronic exercise there are morphological adaptations in the tissues of the musculoskeletal system which vary from increased stiffness to an increase in cross-sectional area. Although tissues can adapt, several questions still linger, such as optimal dose and type of exercise, whether adaptations can occur in an injured tissue, and functional implications of these adaptations. Future research should address these questions.

To date, there is no systematic review that summarizes the morphological adaptations of the musculoskeletal system in response to chronic exercise. This systematic review selected original articles published in English between 2000 and 2020, with a clear exercise intervention and presenting a morphological change in the tissue under study, and covering human participants irrespective of age, gender or health condition. In total, 2819 records were identified. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening and full-text review, 67 records were included in the final analysis (6 for inter-vertebral disc, 6 for cartilage, 36 for bone, 2 for ligament, 9 for tendon and 7 for muscle). The most used interventions were aerobic, resistance, and plyometric exercise. Population ranged from children and healthy active people to individuals with a health condition. In conclusion, as a response to chronic exercise there are morphological adaptations in the tissues of the musculoskeletal system which vary from increased stiffness to an increase in cross-sectional area. Although tissues can adapt, several questions still linger, such as optimal dose and type of exercise, whether adaptations can occur in an injured tissue, and functional implications of these adaptations. Future research should address these questions. Hasta la fecha, no existe una revisión sistemática que resuma las adaptaciones morfológicas del sistema osteomuscular en respuesta al ejercicio crónico. La presente seleccionó artículos originales, con fecha de publicación de 2000 a 2020, idioma de publicación en inglés, con una clara intervención de ejercicio y que presentaran un cambio morfológico en el tejido estudiado. Participantes humanos independientemente de la edad, el género o condición de salud. Se identificaron 2819 registros. Después de eliminar los duplicados, la selección de títulos y resúmenes y la revisión de texto completo, se incluyeron 67 registros en el análisis final (6 para disco intervertebral, 6 para cartílago, 36 para hueso, 2 para ligamento, 9 para tendón y 7 para músculo). Los resultados destacan que las intervenciones más utilizadas fueron ejercicio aeróbico, contra resistencia y pliométrico. La población abarcó desde niños y personas sanas activas hasta personas con alguna condición de salud. Se concluye que, como respuesta al ejercicio crónico, existen adaptaciones morfológicas en los tejidos del sistema musculoesquelético que pueden variar desde un aumento de rigidez hasta un aumento de área. Aunque los tejidos pueden adaptarse, aún quedan varias preguntas, como la dosis y tipo de ejercicio óptimo, si pueden ocurrir adaptaciones en un tejido lesionado y las implicaciones funcionales de estas adaptaciones. La investigación futura debe abordar estas preguntas. Até o momento, não há uma revisão sistemática que resuma as adaptações morfológicas do sistema osteomuscular em resposta ao exercício crônico. Esta revisão sistemática selecionou artigos originais, com data de publicação de 2000 a 2020, idioma de publicação em inglês, com clara intervenção de exercícios e que apresentaram alteração morfológica no tecido estudado. Participantes humanos, independentemente da idade, sexo ou condição de saúde. Foram identificados 2.819 registros. Após eliminar os artigos duplicados, triagem de título e resumo e revisão do texto completo, 67 registros foram incluídos na análise final (6 para disco intervertebral, 6 para cartilagem, 36 para osso, 2 para ligamento, 9 para tendão e 7 para músculo). Os resultados destacam que as intervenções mais utilizadas foram exercícios aeróbicos, resistidos e pliométricos. A população variou de crianças e pessoas saudáveis ativas a pessoas com alguma condição de saúde. Conclui-se que, em resposta ao exercício crônico, ocorrem adaptações morfológicas nos tecidos do sistema musculoesquelético, que podem variar desde um aumento de rigidez até um aumento de área. Embora os tecidos possam se adaptar, várias questões permanecem, como a dose ideal e o tipo de exercício, se adaptações podem ocorrer no tecido lesado e as implicações funcionais dessas adaptações. Pesquisas futuras devem abordar essas questões.

To date, there is no systematic review that summarizes the morphological adaptations of the musculoskeletal system in response to chronic exercise. This systematic review selected original articles published in English between 2000 and 2020, with a clear exercise intervention and presenting a morphological change in the tissue under study, and covering human participants irrespective of age, gender or health condition. In total, 2819 records were identified. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening and full-text review, 67 records were included in the final analysis (6 for inter-vertebral disc, 6 for cartilage, 36 for bone, 2 for ligament, 9 for tendon and 7 for muscle). The most used interventions were aerobic, resistance, and plyometric exercise. Population ranged from children and healthy active people to individuals with a health condition. In conclusion, as a response to chronic exercise there are morphological adaptations in the tissues of the musculoskeletal system which vary from increased stiffness to an increase in cross-sectional area. Although tissues can adapt, several questions still linger, such as optimal dose and type of exercise, whether adaptations can occur in an injured tissue, and functional implications of these adaptations. Future research should address these questions.