Polymeric composites are prone to undergoing damage, such as microcracks, during their operation, which can ultimately lead to catastrophic failure. To contradict such a problem, efforts have been carried out, by the scientific community, towards developing self-healing composites that, by mimicking biological systems, can autonomously and prematurely repair flaws, extending the durability and improving the security of materials. The present review explores the progress made in this area, focusing on extrinsic self-healing methods, as these can be employed to a variety of materials. Reservoir-based techniques, which resort to capsules, hollow fibers or microvascular networks, and thermoplastic-based ones are overviewed, prioritizing innovative approaches made in recent years. At last, promising practical applications for self-healing composites are highlighted and future challenges and opportunities are pointed out.

This study aims to investigate the behaviour of thermoplastic composites reinforced with natural fibres. Composite materials were developed using reactive methyl methacrylate (MMA) resin, commercially known as Elium^® (Arkema, Colombes, France), with the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), dispersed in the matrix at different concentrations. Natural fibres, such as flax, were chemically treated by immersion in an aqueous solution based on NaHCO₃, during different periods of exposure. After this treatment, flax fibres were washed with distilled water and dried. The degree of fibre surface tension was measured in terms of the contact angle. Then, cellulose nanocrystals were incorporated and mixed in the thermoplastic resin, and the samples were developed via the incorporation of intercalated layers of treated flax fibres. The composites were produced using compression moulding. After that, the samples were evaluated, regarding their mechanical performance and morphology. The research results show that flax fibres treated with 9 wt. % NaHCO₃ for 48 h had improved flexural strength as a result of removing impurities and exposing hydroxyl groups that react with Na⁺ ions present in NaHCO₃, which enhances its mechanical properties. The incorporation of 1% CNCs into thermoplastic resin significantly enhanced the fibre/matrix interface, resulting in a remarkable 38% increase in flexural strength. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of using treated natural fibres and CNCs to improve composites’ performance.

The increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and plastic waste in marine environments demand immediate action to mitigate their effects. A promising solution lies in enhancing algal cultivation in marine environments, which not only absorbs CO₂ and produces oxygen (O₂) but also contributes to carbon sequestration. This study aims to develop biodegradable substrates for algae cultivation, facilitating their gradual degradation in marine environments and eventual deposition on the ocean floor, thereby addressing both plastic pollution and CO₂ emissions. We selected various degradable polymers and incorporated differing proportions of algae residue powder (10%, 20%, and 30% by weight) into these substrates. The compositions were processed through extrusion and molded into test samples for hot compression molding. Characterization included assessments of mass loss, morphology, chemical composition, and mechanical strength under both dry conditions and after immersion in seawater for up to two months. The results indicate that the incorporation of algae residue significantly accelerates the degradation of the samples, particularly under extended exposure to seawater. Mass loss measurements indicated that samples with a 30 wt% algae addition experienced mass losses of up to 12% after two months of immersion. Mechanical strength tests demonstrated a reduction of up to 57% in strength due to the incorporation of algae, with seawater immersion further exacerbating this loss. These findings highlight the potential of biopolymer substrates infused with algae residue for effective carbon sequestration through enhanced algae cultivation.

The SLS additive manufacturing industry enables the development of products for diverse applications with distinct properties due to its excellent surface finish and ability to create varied part geometries, but it consumes high-performance materials with high acquisition costs. An extensive quarrying of stone leads to the accumulation of mineral residues, posing environmental hazards by contaminating soil and water when disposed of in landfills. The primary objective of the study was to incorporate mineral waste into the SLS technique and investigate the influence of its addition, along with a silane-based chemical treatment, on the mechanical performance of polymer-mineral composites (PA12-slate). Additionally, the feasibility of producing a highly loaded printed prototype, employing 50 wt% of mineral waste, was examined. Samples of PA12, PA12 blended with 50 wt% slate waste, and slate waste treated with silane underwent fabrication via selective laser sintering (SLS) and subsequent mechanical characterization, including tensile, flexural, and compressive tests. Additionally, the samples underwent accelerated aging using a QUV weathering tester, followed by mechanical characterization. The geometric accuracy, stability, and processing feasibility of these formulations were evaluated through SLS-printed composite prototypes utilizing PA12_50Sla_Si. It was found that the addition of 50% of slate to the PA12 presented mechanical properties decreasing compared to the printed PA12 only. However, an increase was verified when using silane-induced mineral bonding. The incorporation of mineral agents and silane enhanced the resistance of PA12 to aging. However, after aging, both tensile and flexural strength decreased across all printed samples. Nonetheless, this study showcased the feasibility of producing complex PA12-slate waste specimens containing up to 50 wt% of mineral waste using the SLS printing technique. Therefore, SLS presents itself as a viable means of adding value to this mineral waste.

Polymeric composites are prone to undergo damage, such as microcracks, during their operation, that can ultimately lead to catastrophic failure. To contradict such problem, effort has been put, by the scientific community, towards developing self-healing composites that, by mimicking biological systems, can autonomously and prematurely repair flaws, extending durability and improving security of materials. The present review explores the progress being made in such area, focusing on extrinsic self-healing methods, considering that they can be employed to a variety of materials. Reservoir-based techniques, that resort to capsules, hollow fibers or microvascular networks, and thermoplastic-based ones are overviewed, prioritizing innovative approaches made in recent years. At last, promising practical applications for self-healing composites are highlighted and future challenges and opportunities are pointed out.

Control of food spoilage is a critical concern in the current world scenario, not only to ensure the quality and safety of food but also to avoid the generation of food waste. This paper evaluates a dual-sensor strategy using six different pH indicators stamped on cardboard for the detection of spoilage in three different foods: beef, salmon, and strawberries. After function validation and formulation optimizations in the laboratory, the halochromic sensors methyl orange and bromocresol purple 2% (w/v) were stamped on cardboard and, in contact with the previously mentioned foods, were able to produce an easily perceptible signal for spoilage by changing color. Additionally, when it comes to mechanical characterization the inks showed high abrasion (>100 cycles) and adhesion resistance (>91%).