New technologies are tools that are present in daily life on a regular basis. In order to improve the didactic process, education must take into account these new technologies. In the field of physical education, the significance of these technologies is reflected in the existence of applications that can be carried out within the field, both for educational purposes and for physical fitness and health. This is due to the potential presented by virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality. The objective of this study was to examine the utilisation and impact of AR, VR and MR technologies in physical education at the compulsory stage. In order to achieve this objective, a design based on the PRISMA methodology for conducting systematic reviews was employed. The databases of WOS, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were subjected to analysis. The results indicate that there has been a notable increase in research activity in this field in recent years. The analysis yielded four principal areas of focus, namely the utilisation of pedagogical methodologies, the enhancement of motor and health-related competencies, and moreover, the facilitation of optimal integration of students in physical education. The utilisation and consequences of novel technologies represent a suitable instrument for enhancing the educational experience of students enrolled in physical education programmes.

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es analizar los motivos de participación deportiva y satisfacción intrínseca en jugadores de pádel a nivel general, en función del sexo de los deportistas, de si competían a nivel federado o no y de su parte preferida de la sesión de entrenamiento. La muestra estuvo formada por un total de 104 jugadores de pádel con una edad media de 31.27 años (± 10.56) años. Para ello, se han utilizado dos cuestionarios: el cuestionario de Motivos de Participación Deportiva (PMQ) y el cuestionario de Satisfacción Intrínseca en el Deporte (SSI). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el factor más destacado para la práctica deportiva en los jugadores de pádel, entre todas las variables analizadas, es el de amistad / grupo de iguales, mientras que el factor menos valorado es el estatus social. Además, la satisfacción intrínseca de los jugadores se basa en el aumento de motivación y diversión hacia la práctica de ambas modalidades deportivas predominando sobre el aburrimiento. Por lo tanto, las escuelas deportivas de pádel deben llevar a cabo prácticas agradables orientadas hacia la tarea y, por ende, conseguir un aumento en la motivación, en las relaciones sociales y en el disfrute del deportista, con la finalidad de acrecentar el número de jugadores y jugadoras en esta disciplina deportiva.

Gamification is a new methodological tool in the field of physical education and sports sciences, which seeks to generate a formative change in educational centers and in the training of future teachers. The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of gamification on motivation, basic psychological needs and cooperative learning of prospective physical education teachers. The sample consisted of 102 future teachers in the specific area of physical education and sport. Three measuring instruments were used: Motivational Situation Scale, Cooperative Learning Questionnaire and Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education Scale. The significance level (p < 0.05) was determined according to the variables described. The results were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test for the variables age and study group and the Mann–Whitney U-test for gender. The results show high values for basic psychological needs, motivation and cooperative learning. In the case of cooperative learning, gamification has a different behavior according to gender. By degree, gamification does not affect the degree of study in the same way. In conclusion, the results of the present study support the use of gamification in the training of future physical education teachers, as it is associated with increased levels of students’ intrinsic and self-determined motivation, basic psychological needs and cooperative learning.

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the mood and the level of dependence on physical exercise of college students during the lockdown, and its interrelation between them, according to gender, whether they currently practice federated sport and the level of concern towards the problem created by COVID-19 at a global level. In the study, 177 university students (133 males and 44 females) of the Degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences of the Pontifical University of Salamanca participated with an average age of 20.85 (± 2.83) years and a decrease in physical activity practice of 73.5% in the first two weeks of lockdown. The instruments used to evaluate these constructs were the Revised Scale of Exercise Dependence (EDS-R) and the Profile Mood States (POMS) in a reduced version. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between the level of exercise dependence and Stress, Anger, Fatigue and Depressed state and a negative correlation with Vigor and Friendship. In conclusion, the importance of practicing physical activity is evident to improve the mental health of college students. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar el estado de ánimo y el nivel de dependencia al ejercicio físico de alumnos universitarios en etapa de confinamiento, y su interrelación entre ellos, en función del sexo, de si practican deporte federado en la actualidad y el nivel de preocupación hacia la problemática creada por el COVID-19 a nivel mundial. En el estudio, participaron 177 alumnos universitarios (133 hombres y 44 mujeres) de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca con una media de edad de 20.85 (± 2.83) años y una disminución de práctica de actividad física del 73.5% en las dos primeras semanas de confinamiento. Los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar estos constructos fueron la Escala Revisada de Dependencia al Ejercicio (EDS-R) y el Profile Mood States (POMS) en versión reducida. Los resultados muestran que existe una correlación positiva significativa entre el nivel de dependencia al ejercicio físico y la Tensión, la Cólera, la Fatiga y el Estado Deprimido y una correlación negativa con el Vigor y la Amistad. En conclusión, se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la práctica de actividad física para la mejora de la salud anímica de los estudiantes universitarios. O principal objectivo desde estudo era analisar o estado de espírito e o nível de dependência do exercício físico dos estudantes universitários em confinamento, e a sua inter-relação entre si, de acordo com o género, se praticam actualmente desporto federado e o nível de preocupação com o problema criado pela COVID-19 a nível global. No estudo, participaram 177 estudantes universitários (133 homens e 44 mulheres) da Licenciatura em Atividade Física e Ciências do Esporte da Pontifícia Universidade de Salamanca com uma média de idade de 20,85 (±2,83) anos e uma diminuição na prática de atividade física de 73,5% nas primeiras duas semanas de confinamento. Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar estas construções foram a Escala Revisada de Dependência do Exercício (EDS-R) e o Perfil Mood States (POMS) numa versão reduzida. Os resultados mostram que existe uma correlação positiva significativa entre o nível de dependência do exercício e o estado de Stress, Raiva, Fadiga e Deprimido e uma correlação negativa com o Vigor e a Amizade. Em conclusão, a importância da actividade física para melhorar a saúde mental dos estudantes universitários é evidente.

El objetivo principal de este estudio es el de analizar las razones para la realización de práctica deportiva y su nivel de satisfacción intrínseca en una muestra de 146 jugadores de pádel, 82 hombres y 64 mujeres con una media de edad de 39.46 (± 11.60) años y que entrenan, al menos, dos horas semanales. Para ello, se han utilizado dos cuestionarios: el cuestionario de Motivos de Participación (PMQ) y el cuestionario de Satisfacción Intrínseca en el Deporte (SSI). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el factor más destacado para la práctica deportiva en los jugadores de pádel es el de amistad / grupo de iguales mientras que el factor menos valorado es el del estatus social. Además, el placer interno de los jugadores se basa en la diversión por la práctica del pádel y no en el aburrimiento. Por lo tanto, los clubes deben tener en cuenta la realización de tareas sociales y lúdicas para mantener y aumentar el número de practicantes en esta modalidad deportiva. The main aim of this study was to analyze the reasons for practicing sports and the level of intrinsic satisfaction in a sample of 146 paddle players (82 men and 64 women) with average age of 39.46 (± 11.60) years old who trained at least two hours per week. For this, two questionnaires were used: the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), and the Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Questionnaire. The results show that the factor that stands out as a reason to practice sport in paddle players is friendship / group of peers, whilst the lowest valued factor is social status. In addition, internal pleasure of the players is based on fun of playing paddle and not on boredom. Therefore, clubs must take into account and propose social and recreational tasks in order to maintain and increase the number of practitioners of this sport.

EFECTO DE LOS JUEGOS REDUCIDOS SOBRE JUGADORAS DE FÚTBOL