Antibiotic resistance, a major public health problem, has been linked to antibiotic consumption. In Greece both consumption and resistance rates are among the highest in Europe. A multifaceted campaign targeting both physicians and parents of school children was implemented for the first time in order to educate the public and update doctors, aiming to promote judicious use of antibiotics and hopefully decrease its consumption. The programme consisted of a public education campaign and academic detailing of primary care physicians in the district of Corinth in Peloponnese. The experience and perceptions of parents were recorded in the meetings in the form of course evaluation and assessment, anonymous questionnaires. The use of Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT) for streptococcal pharyngitis by primary care physicians was also assessed by use of anonymous questionnaires. Antibiotic consumption was compared before and after the programme between the district of Corinth and the other districts of Peloponnese, as well as at a national level. Antibiotic consumption remained unaltered at 26 Defined daily doses per 1000 Inhabitants per Day (DID) in accordance with the trend in other regions and at a national level. However, the utilization of Amoxycillin and Penicillin was increased by 34.3%, while the use of other antimicrobial classes including macrolides, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones decreased by 6.4-21.9%. The use of RADT did not lead to a significantly decreased antimicrobial consumption. A multifaceted educational programme targeting both the general public and primary care physicians was associated with rationalization in the choice of antimicrobial. A reduction in the total antimicrobial consumption was not achieved.

Enterococcus casseliflavus is a rare pathogen that usually causes urinary tract and abdominal infections. Its main characteristics are positive motility, yellow colonies and constitutive low-level resistance to vancomycin. We present a case of E. casseliflavus bacteraemia due to thrombophlebitis at the site of the central venous catheter used for hemodialysis in a renal patient. The biochemical identification of the microorganism was further corroborated by molecular detection of the vanC gene. The patient received antibiotic therapy initially with daptomycin and gentamicin, and then with ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The outcome was cure, and he was released from the hospital after seven weeks afebrile with negative blood cultures.

Combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) has revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and has markedly improved the disease burden and life expectancy of people living with HIV. HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of infection, establishes latency, and produces a pro-inflammatory milieu that may affect cognitive functions, even in the cART era. Whereas severe forms of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) such as HIV-associated dementia have declined over the last decades, milder forms have become more prevalent, are commonly multifactorial, and are associated with comorbidity burdens, mental health, cART neurotoxicity, and ageing. Since 2007, the Frascati criteria have been used to characterize and classify HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) into three stages, namely asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). These criteria are based on a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment that presupposes the availability of validated, demographically adjusted, and normative population data. Novel neuroimaging modalities and biomarkers have been proposed in order to complement NCI assessments, elucidate neuropathogenic mechanisms, and support HIV-associated NCI diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis. By integrating neuropsychological assessments with biomarkers and neuroimaging into a holistic care approach, clinicians can enhance diagnostic accuracy, prognosis, and patient outcomes. This review interrogates the value of these modes of assessment and proposes a unified approach to NCI diagnosis.

Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) derangement has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies on EG integrity among people living with HIV (PLWH), are lacking. We conducted a prospective cohort study among treatment-naïve PLWH who received emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, combined with either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI, dolutegravir, raltegravir or elvitegravir/cobicistat), or a protease inhibitor (PI, darunavir/cobicistat). We assessed EG at baseline, 24 (±4) and 48 (±4) weeks, by measuring the perfused boundary region (PBR, inversely proportional to EG thickness), in sublingual microvessels. In total, 66 consecutive PLWH (60 (90.9%) males) with a median age (interquartile range, IQR) of 37 (12) years, were enrolled. In total, 40(60.6%) received INSTI-based regimens. The mean (standard deviation) PBR decreased significantly from 2.17 (0.29) μm at baseline to 2.04 (0.26) μm (p = 0.019), and then to 1.93 (0.3) μm (p < 0.0001) at 24 (±4) and 48 (±4) weeks, respectively. PBR did not differ among treatment groups. PLWH on INSTIs had a significant PBR reduction at 48 (±4) weeks. Smokers and PLWH with low levels of viremia experienced the greatest PBR reduction. This study is the first to report the benefit of antiretroviral treatment on EG improvement in treatment-naïve PLWH and depicts a potential bedside biomarker and therapeutic target for CVD in PLWH.

A 47-year-old Caucasian traveller from an mpox (formerly monkeypox and also best suited abbreviated MPX)-endemic country was referred for a skin rash, of recent onset, confined to the genital area. The rash consisted of erythematous umbilicated papules, vesicles and pustules with a characteristic white ring. The lesions were observed simultaneously at different stages of progression on the same anatomical site, a clinical presentation that is not encountered frequently. The patient was febrile, fatigued and had blood-tinged cough. The clinical suspicion of mpox was raised, and the initial real-time PCR identified a non-variola orthopox virus, which was confirmed at the National Reference Laboratory to belong to the West African clade.