Cotton plant has two physiological development periods which are vegetative and generative periods. The activities of urease, dehydrogenase, glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the soil continue during the growth of plants. In this study, three different fertilizer sources (diammonium phosphate (DAP), vermicompost and manure) and two cotton varieties (Candia and Lima) were used in non-saline and saline soil conditions. The experimental layout was randomized plots with 3 replications. Total chlorophyll content of Candia and Lima cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars and urease, dehydrogenase, glucosidase and alkaline phosphate enzyme activities of the soil were determined. The chlorophyll content of cotton plants was significantly (p < 0.01) different in fertilizer treatments applied in non-saline and saline soils. The lowest chlorophyll value (17.83) in non-saline soil was obtained in the control, while the highest chlorophyll value (32.64) was recorded in the DAP fertilizer treatments. The lowest chlorophyll value (20.33) in saline soil was obtained from DAP fertilizer, while the highest chlorophyll value (24.11) was obtained in the vermicompost application. The fertilizer treatment significantly affected the urease activity in non-saline (p < 0.01) and saline (p < 0.05) soils. The highest mean urease enzyme activity in non-saline (102.74 µg N g⁻¹dry soil h⁻¹) and saline (120.23 µg N g⁻¹dry soil h⁻¹) soils was obtained in the DAP treatments. The highest mean dehydrogenase enzyme activity in non-saline (35.99 µg TPF g⁻¹dry soil 24 h⁻¹) and saline (48.63 µg TPF g⁻¹dry soil 24 h⁻¹) soils was obtained in cattle manure application. The difference between fertilizer applications was significant at p < 0.01 level in both soils.

This study aims to investigate the effects of the combined treatment of biochar (BC) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cotton plants, focusing on morphological and physiological characteristics, nutrient content, and soil enzyme activities. The study examined the effects of different biochar doses in mycorrhiza-inoculated (M +) and non-inoculated (M −) treatments (0% BC + 200 kg N ha⁻¹, 1.5% BC + 200 kg N ha⁻¹, 3% BC + 200 kg N ha⁻¹). The results showed that the highest SPAD value (34.66%) was observed in the M( +) + 3.0% BC treatments. NDVI values increased by 25.29% in M( +) + 3.0% BC treatments. M( +) treatment increased the N, NO₃ ⁻, and soil enzyme activity was higher in the M( +) treatment. However, enzyme activity decreased as BC dose increased in both M( +) and M( −) treatments, with the most significant decrease observed in the 3.0% BC treatments. Nitrate reductase enzyme activity (NRA) decreased in all treatments except the 3.0% biochar treatment. M( +) treatment increased soil urease content by 27.24% compared to the M( −) treatment. Additionally, plant height, root length, nodule count, and spore number increased with increasing biochar doses, with the highest increase observed in the M( +) + 3.0% BC treatments. Positive correlations were found between SPAD, NDVI, and nutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and root attributes. Negative correlations were observed with Mg and CAT enzyme activity. Urease, DHG, and CAT enzyme activities decreased significantly with increasing BC doses, particularly in M( +) treatments. Biochar and AMF co-treatment enhanced growth, root parameters, spore count, NDVI, SPAD, and soil and plant enzyme activities in cotton plants. The combined treatment of biochar and AMF is beneficial for cotton production. The findings of this research have significant potential implications for sustainable cotton production and soil management practices, particularly in optimizing mycorrhiza and biochar to enhance soil fertility, improve water retention, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.) growth parameters, soil enzyme activities, AMF colonization, and spore densities under saline and non-saline soil conditions. The experiment included a control treatment along with three Mo doses (0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) in both saline and non-saline soils. Additionally, AMF species from the Glomus genus (G. intraradices, G. constrictum, and G. microcarpum) were applied. The results showed that co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters, including plant height (65.91%), stomatal conductanc (67.01%), SPAD value (18.45%), root lengt (48.67%), root fresh weight (2.58%), and root dry weight (22.15%) (p < 0.01). Soil biochemical parameters, such as catalase (CAT:85.17%), urease (53.19%), and dehydrogenase (DHG:56.21%) activities, were also increased at 0.6% Mo + AMF application (p < 0.01). The application of 0.6% Mo + AMF resulted in significant improvements (p < 0.01) in soil and root mycorrhizal traits, particularly spore density (spores/g soil; 84.85%) and root mycorrhizal colonization intensity (M%; 27.63%). Overall, Mo + AMF applications substantially affected both plant and soil parameters. Among the treatments, 0.6% Mo + AMF showed the greatest synergistic effects, enhancing mycorrhizal colonization, enzyme activities, spore production, and overall plant growth. This studydoes not involveany human participants and is therefore not a clinicaltrial. Trial registration

Cotton fibers are the most important raw material of the textile industry. Clean collection of cotton fibers improves the quality of textile products. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of normal and late harvest period of different cotton varieties on cotton fiber and yarn properties. The HVI and AFIS values of the fibers obtained as a result of the late harvest period and the normal harvest period of different cotton varieties grown in the same field and obtained in different years, and the quality properties of the yarns obtained from these fibers were determined. As a result of the test, the quality characteristics were low due to the late harvest due to the exposure of the fibers to rain during the 2018 harvest period. According to the test results, the quality values of the fiber in the normal harvest period of 2019 and the yarns obtained from these fibers were better. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of late harvest period on fiber and yarn quality properties and thus on quality of textile products.

Organic and inorganic fertilizers have significant effect on plant physiology, yield per unit area, available plant nutrient contents and extracellular enzyme activities of soils. This study was carried out in field conditions in arid and semi-arid regions between 2020-2021 years, May 01. The effects of farmyard manure (FM) (20, 40, 60 Mg ha^-1) and chemical (CF) (350 kg urea ha^-1, 100, 200, 300 kg DAP ha^-1) fertilizers applied at different rates on plant nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents, SPAD value and NDVI of cotton plants, seed cotton yield and soil enzymes (urease, catalase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase) were investigated. The results showed that FM applications significantly (p<0.01) increased the plant macro and micronutrients compared to CF applications, except for N (200 + 150 kg urea ha^-1), Zn and Cu (300 kg DAP + 200 + 150 kg urea ha^-1) in the 2021 cotton growing season. Mineralization of FM is slow under natural conditions; therefore, the use of FM alone is not sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of high yielding varieties. Urease and dehydrogenase activities increased significantly in FM treated soils compared to CF, while no significant (p<0.01) increase was recorded in alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities. Farmyard manure is a useful management practice for increasing soil biological activity. Physiological parameters of NDVI, SPAD and seed cotton yield significantly increased in FM treated soils compared to CF applications. The increase in cotton yield was 29.15%, in NDVI value was 22.38% and in SPAD value was 121.7%. The main issues with cotton in the area are the low organic carbon content of the soils, high clay content, arid and semi-arid soils, and their detrimental impact on the uptake of particular nutrients (N, P and B).

Pamuk tekstil sektörünün önemli bir hammaddesidir. Özellikle pamuklu giysilerin doğal lif taşımaları nedeniyle insan yaşamında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Dünyada 2018/2019 sezonunda toplam lif pamuk üretim miktarı 25.69 milyon ton olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Dünyanın önde gelen lif pamuk üretici ülkeleri Çin, Hindistan,ABD, Pakistan, Özbekistan, Türkiye ve Tacikistan’dır. Ülkemiz dünya lif pamuk üretiminde 6. Sırada yer almaktadır. Pamuk ülkemiz tarımında büyük öneme sahip bir üründür. Ülkemizde yıllık yaklaşık olarak 800 bin ton lif pamuk üretilmektedir. Tekstil sektöründeki tüketim miktarı ise 1.600 bin ton kadardır. Dolayısıyla her yıl pamuk üretimimiz kadar olan miktarı yurt dışından ithal etmekteyiz. Tekstil sektöründe tüketilen pamuklar katma değeri yüksek nihai ürün olan giysi ürünlerine dönüşmektedir. Arge ve inovasyon faaliyetleri, moda akımı trendleri ve insanların tüketim alışkanlıklarındaki değişim, tekstil ürünlerine olan talebi her geçen gün arttırmaktadır. Ülkemiz yıllık ihracat değerleri incelendiğinde tekstil mamulleri ihracatı yaklaşık olarak %35 pay almaktadır. Tekstil sektörünün en önemli hammaddesi pamuk lifi olduğu için her geçen gün, bu lifin değeri ve önemi artmaktadır. Önümüzdeki süreçte pamuk lifinin üretim kapasitesinin artırılması ve üretilen liflerin nihai ürüne dönüşüm safhasında katma değerinin daha da arttırılmasına gereken önem verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda temel amaç, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de tekstil sektörünün en önemli hammaddesi olan pamuk lif üretiminin mevcut durumu ve önemini belirtmek ve bu konuda yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterici olmaktır.