Homomorphic encryption enables secure cloud computing over the complete data lifecycle. As so-called in-use encryption methodology, it allows using encrypted data for, e.g., data analysis—in contrast to classic encryption methods. In-use encryption enables new ways of value creation and an extensive use of cloud computing for manufacturing companies. However, homomorphic encryption is not widely implemented in practice yet. This is mainly since homomorphic encryption has higher computation times and is limited regarding its calculation operations. Nevertheless, for some use cases, the security requirements are a lot stricter than, e.g., timeliness requirements. Thus, homomorphic encryption might be beneficial. This paper, therefore, analyzes the potential of homomorphic encryption for cloud computing in manufacturing. First, the potential and limitations for both classic and homomorphic encryption are presented on the basis of a literature review. Second, to validate the limitations, simulations are executed, comparing the computation time and data transfer of classic and homomorphic encryption. The results show that homomorphic encryption is a tradeoff of security, time, and cost, which highly depends on the use case. Therefore, third, manufacturing use cases are identified; the two use cases of predictive maintenance and contract manufacturing are presented in detail, demonstrating how homomorphic encryption can be beneficial.

The fifth generation of mobile communication (5G) is expected to bring immense benefits to automated guided vehicles by improving existing respectively enabling 5G-distinctive network control systems, leading to higher productivity and safety. However, only 1% of production companies have fully deployed 5G yet. Most companies currently lack an understanding of return on investment and of technical use-case benefits. Therefore, this paper analyses the influence of 5G on an automated guided vehicle use case based on a five-step evaluation model. The analysis is conducted with a use case in the Digital Experience Factory in Aachen. It shows a difference of net present value between 4G and 5G of 1.3 M€ after 10 years and a difference of return of investment of 66%. Furthermore, analysis shows an increase of mobility (13%), productivity (20%) and safety (136%). This indicates a noticeable improvement of a 5G-controlled automated guided vehicle compared to a 4G-controlled automated guided vehicle.

Wireless closed-loop control systems, so-called networked control systems (NCS) promise technical and economic benefits for production applications. To realize prospective benefits, the right communication technology is key. The fifth generation of mobile communication is predicted to have a significant impact on the deployment of NCS in the industrial connectivity landscape. However, there are different options for 5G deployment influencing both technical performance and economic aspects of the network. This in turn is expected to have a techno-economic influence on the production itself. Thus, a trade-off between the necessary technical performance of the 5G network and the benefits for the production must be executed. This paper, therefore, aims to analyze the techno-economic benefits of 5G deployment for closed-loop control systems in production. To reach this aim, first, the fundamentals of techno-economic analysis are introduced. Second, the results of an experimental performance analysis of a 5G-NSA-NPN at Fraunhofer IPT in Aachen are shown. Third, based on the results from the experimental study, a model-based techno-economic ex-ante evaluation of 5G-NSA-NPN for closed-loop applications is performed, and an exemplar is shown for a BLISK milling use case. Finally, the results are summarized and an outlook for further research is given. The analysis shows a difference in net present value for 5G deployment of EUR 2.6 M after 10 years and a difference of OPEX per product of around EUR −1000 per BLISK. Furthermore, analysis shows an increase in productivity (0.73%), quality (30.75%), and sustainability (2.87%). This indicates a noticeable improvement of a 5G-controlled NCS.