Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection causes inflammatory clinical symptoms, such as high fever and vesicular lesions, even death of animals. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an essential role in inflammatory responses against viral infection. The viruses have developed multiple strategies to induce the inflammatory responses, including regulation of IL-1β production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of IL-1β by FMDV remains not fully understood. Here, we found that FMDV robustly induced IL-1β production in macrophages and pigs. Infection of Casp-1 inhibitor-treated cells and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-knockdown cells indicated that NLRP3 is essential for FMDV-induced IL-1β secretion. More importantly, we found that FMDV L^pro associates with the NACHT and LRR domains of NLRP3 to promote NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and IL-1β secretion. Moreover, FMDV L^pro induces calcium influx and potassium efflux, which trigger NLRP3 activation. Our data revealed the mechanism underlying the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome after FMDV L^pro expression, thus providing insights for the control of FMDV infection-induced inflammation.

The application of engineered nanomaterials has helped promote the development of various biomedical fields in recent years. Zinc oxide nanomaterials (ZnO NMts) have been widely used in many biomedical fields and become one of the candidate materials for anticancer applications due to their biocompatibility, unique physicochemical properties, stability, and low-cost large-scale production. This article reviews the advantages of ZnO NMts nanoplatform in cancer treatment, abnormal apoptosis - the occurrence of cancer, the development of glioma, the effects of ZnO NMts in vitro and in vitro tumor cell models, as well as the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and autophagy. It was found that it was mainly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress, and the pro apoptotic proteins Bcl-2-related X protein (BAX), Bcl-2 antagonist / killer (BAK) and p53 indirectly or directly led to the increase of mitochondrial membrane permeability and ultimately mitochondrial apoptosis. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) involved HIF-1α-BNIP3-LC3B pathway mediates the mitophagy pathway. This review also emphasizes that in clinical application, the synthesis method of ZnO NMts, the consistency of evaluation parameters, and the determination of biomarkers using standards and related tumors will be the focus of targeted treatment of cancer.

Background: As a widespread health pest, flies can carry more than 100 kinds of path ogenic microbes to threat human health, resulting in a wide range of disease infection and transmission. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive, reliable and rapid method for the simultaneous detection of multiple fly-borne bacterial pathogenic microorganisms, in order to effectively prevent and control fly-borne bacterial diseases. Results: PCR-RLB method could directly and accurately detect fly-borne bacteria species corresponding of 7 species-specific probes. The sensitivity of PCR-RLB was significantly higher (about 100 times) than that of PCR. At the same time, the membrane binding oligonucleotide species-specific probes prepared in RLB detection technology can be reused for detection of bacteria after washing with 0.5 M EDTA, which greatly improves the detection efficiency. This method was used to detect the intestinal pathogens carried by flies in four different areas of Lanzhou city. In 106 groups of samples from different areas, The numbers of carrying seven bacterial strains were 2 (S. aureus), 52 (S. flexneri), 0 (A. caviae), 3% (V. vulnificus), 56 (S. enterica), 1 (P. vulgaris) and 33 (Y. enterocolitica), respectively. Their proportions of 7 bacterial strains carried by houseflies were 1.23% ( S. aureus ), 32.1% ( S. flexneri ), 0% ( A. caviae ), 1.85% ( V. vulnificus ), 34.57% ( S. enterica ), 0.62% ( P. vulgaris ) and 20.37% ( Y. enterocolitica ), respectively. The results showed that there was a high correlation between the bacteria carrying rate of flies and the health environment in urban areas. S. enterica , S. flexneri and Y. enterocolitica accounted for the overwhelming majority of the seven pathogenic strains carried by houseflies. This indicated that houseflies played an important role in the transmission of intestinal infectious diseases. S. aureus and V. vulnificus were carried by houseflies near the hospital area indicates that hospitals should do well in killing and controlling flies and further strengthen the prevention and control of fly-borne bacterial diseases. Conclusion: The developed PCR-RLB assay have potential clinical application in the simultaneous detection of fly-borne bacterial species.

The functions of most proteins encoded by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) remain largely unknown, although several have been reported to possess immunomodulatory properties. Among these, we identified that the DP71L protein exerts an inhibitory effect on inflammatory bowel disease. To investigate its protective role in murine colitis, we constructed and expressed a recombinant DP71L protein. Colitis was induced in mice using DSS, and the effects of DP71L treatment were evaluated by assessing histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokine profiles, oxidative stress markers, colonic tissue pathology, and the expression of tight-junction proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1). Our results showed that DP71L intervention significantly attenuated body weight loss and organ damage and ameliorated DSS-induced colonic histopathological injury. Moreover, DP71L treatment markedly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in colonic tissues. Mechanistically, DP71L suppressed both DSS-induced NF-κB and JAK-STAT activation and concurrently inhibited DSS-induced epithelial cell apoptosis. These events likely underlie the observed reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and the restoration of tight-junction protein expression, as DP71L treatment effectively prevented DSS-induced downregulation of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1, while also promoting the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that DP71L effectively inhibits the progression of murine colitis through coordinated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. This study suggests that DP71L may function as a potential immunosuppressant, opening new avenues for the application of viral proteins in the treatment of immune-related disorders.

Background: As a widespread health pest, flies can carry more than 100 kinds of pathogenic microbes to threat human health, resulting in a wide range of disease infection and transmission. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive, reliable and rapid method for the simultaneous detection of multiple fly-borne bacterial pathogenic microorganisms, in order to effectively prevent and control fly-borne bacterial diseases.Results: PCR-RLB method could directly and accurately detect fly-borne bacteria species corresponding of 7 species-specific probes. At the same time, the membrane binding oligonucleotide species-specific probes prepared in RLB detection technology can be reused for detection of bacteria after washing with 0.5 M EDTA, which greatly improves the detection efficiency. In 106 groups of samples, the numbers of samples carrying seven different bacterial strains were 2 (S. aureus), 52 (S. flexneri), 0 (A. caviae), 3% (V. vulnificus), 56 (S. enterica), 1 (P. vulgaris) and 33 (Y. enterocolitica), respectively. Their proportions of 7 bacterial strains carried by houseflies were 1.23% (S. aureus), 32.1% (S. flexneri), 0% (A. caviae), 1.85% (V. vulnificus), 34.57% (S. enterica), 0.62% (P. vulgaris) and 20.37% (Y. enterocolitica), respectively. It was found that the worse the hygienic condition, the higher the bacteria carrying rate of houseflies was. S. enterica, S. flexneri and Y. enterocolitica accounted for the overwhelming majority of the seven pathogenic strains carried by houseflies from four different environments in Lanzhou. This indicated that houseflies played an important role in the transmission of intestinal diseases, which was mainly related to the breeding and reproduction of houseflies in feces, carrion and food. S. aureus was carried by houseflies in the hospital area indicates that hospitals should do well in killing and controlling flies and further strengthen the prevention and control of fly-borne bacterial diseases. Conclusion: The RLB assay appeared to have potential clinical application in the simultaneous detection of fly-borne bacterial species.