Characterizing the breeding sites of Culex pipiens complex is of major importance for the control of West Nile disease and other related diseases. However, little information is available about the characteristics and associated factors of the breeding sites of the Cx. pipiens complex in Lhasa, a representative high-altitude region in Southwestern China. In this study, a cross-sectional study concerning the breeding site characteristics and associated factors of the Cx. pipiens complex was carried out in Lhasa, Tibet from 2013–2016. Chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the key factors associated with the presence of Cx. pipiens complex larvae. Using a standard dipping method, 184 water bodies were examined and Cx. pipiens complex larvae were observed in 36 (19.57%) of them. There were significant differences in the composition of Cx. pipiens complex larvae among the breeding site stability (χ² = 19.08, p = 0.00) and presence or absence of predators (χ² = 6.986, p = 0.008). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that breeding site stability and presence or absence of predators were significantly associated with the presence of Cx. pipiens complex larvae in Chengguan District, Lhasa. Relatively permanent water bodies such as water bodies along river fringes, ponds and puddles, and water bodies with no predators should be paid more attention for future Cx. pipiens complex larvae abatement campaigns in Lhasa, China.

Since 2009, great public attention has been paid in Lhasa City (Tibet, China) to mosquito bites and accompanying inflammatory complications. However, the potential contribution of knowledge levels, experiences, disease control and preventive practices (KEP) towards mosquitoes has not received much attention. To investigate community KEP concerning mosquitoes in Lhasa, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken in four sub-districts of urban Lhasa in 2012. Questionnaires were designed to collect information regarding socio-demographics and KEP concerning the harmful effects of mosquitoes on participants. The scoring for KEP was developed after consultation of literature. A total of 591 eligible questionnaires were examined. The majority of respondents were female (61.8%) with a mean age of 46 years. Nearly all of the respondents were of Tibetan nationality (97.4%) and living in registered native households (92.7%), who have less than primary school education. The averages of overall score, knowledge score, experience score, and practice score were 9.23, 4.53, 1.80, 2.90, respectively. The registered household with the highest overall score, knowledge score and practice score was non-native. Female subjects with monthly incomes between 1000 and 3000 RMB had higher experience scores. The correlation analysis revealed that significant positive linear correlations existed between knowledge and experience, knowledge and practices, and experience and practices towards mosquitoes. Past experiences with mosquitoes can result in a better knowledge of effective mosquito control practices in the present and the future. Though the average of overall scores related to mosquitoes is high among the participants in Lhasa, however, the knowledge about the ecological habits of mosquitoes should be strengthened. The findings in this study may help to develop strategies and measures of mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases in the future, not only in Lhasa, but also in similar altitude, latitude and longitude regions worldwide.

Truncated follow-up and low-resolution genotyping obscure the proportion of exogenous reinfection in recurrent tuberculosis. We aimed to quantify how extended follow-up (≥2 years) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) affect the estimated proportion of reinfection. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for English-language studies published between 1 January 2020 and 7 February 2026 that used genotyping techniques to distinguish relapse from reinfection in recurrent tuberculosis, and we integrated these with those from a 2021 meta-analysis that reported a 29% pooled reinfection proportion. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and random-effects model meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled proportions of reinfection. In studies with <2 years of follow-up, the pooled reinfection proportion was 22%. However, when follow-up was extended to ≥2 years, the proportion increased to 34% (95%CI 26–42%), with an adjusted OR of 1.94. Shorter follow-up was associated with a nearly 12% lower observed proportion of exogenous reinfection. Current WGS-related research is mainly concentrated in Asia (50%), especially China (36%), and lacks data from the Americas. The estimated proportion of exogenous tuberculosis reinfection is substantially influenced by follow-up duration and is constrained by the geographical distribution of current WGS data.