Aging is closely related to the occurrence of human diseases; however, its exact biological mechanism is unclear. Advancements in high-throughput technology provide new opportunities for omics research to understand the pathological process of various complex human diseases. However, single-omics technologies only provide limited insights into the biological mechanisms of diseases. DNA, RNA, protein, metabolites, and microorganisms usually play complementary roles and perform certain biological functions together. In this review, we summarize multi-omics methods based on the most relevant biomarkers in single-omics to better understand molecular functions and disease causes. The integration of multi-omics technologies can systematically reveal the interactions among aging molecules from a multidimensional perspective. Our review provides new insights regarding the discovery of aging biomarkers, mechanism of aging, and identification of novel antiaging targets. Overall, data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, integromics, microbiomics, and systems biology contribute to the identification of new candidate biomarkers for aging and novel targets for antiaging interventions.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major global health problem. One of the main reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes is the human gut microbiota. To characterise these genes, a metagenomic approach was used. In this study, a comprehensive antibiotic resistome catalog was established using fecal samples from 246 healthy individuals from world’s longevity township in Jiaoling, China. In total, 606 antibiotic resistance genes were detected. Our results indicated that antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiota accumulate and become more complex with age as older groups harbour the highest abundance of these genes. Tetracycline resistance gene type tetQ was the most abundant group of antibiotic resistance genes in gut microbiota, and the main carrier of antibiotic resistance genes was Bacteroides. Antibiotic efflux, inactivation, and target alteration were found to be the dominant antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. This research may help to establish a comprehensive antibiotic resistance catalog that includes extremely long-lived healthy people such as centenarians, and may provide potential recommendations for controlling the use of antibiotics.

Hypercholesterolemia can cause many diseases, but it can effectively regulated by Lactobacillus. This study aimed to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of Enterococcus faecium strain 132 and Lactobacillusparacasei strain 201. These results showed that both the strains decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), liver TC and TG and increased fecal TC, TG and total bile acid (TBA) levels. Additionally, both strains also reduced glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and levels of tissue inflammation levels to improve the lipid profile, and they reduced fat accumulation partially by alleviating inflammatory responses. Furthermore, both strains regulated the expression of the CYP8B1, CYP7A1, SREBP-1, SCD1 and LDL-R gene to promote cholesterol metabolism and reduce TG accumulation. Interventions with both strains also altered the gut microbiota, and decreasing the abundance of Veillonellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Prevotella. Furthermore, fecal acetic acid and propionic acid were increased by this intervention. Overall, the results suggested that E. faecium strain 132 and L. paracasei strain 201 can alleviate hypercholesterolemia in rats and might be applied as a new type of hypercholesterolemia agent in functional foods.

Probiotic fermented milk can lower the incidence rate of hypertension and is beneficial to the regulation of the intestinal microecology. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the antihypertensive effect of milk fermented by the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains SR37-3 (PFM-SR37-3) and SR61-2 (PFM-SR61-2) in Ng-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester induced hypertensive rats. The results showed that PFM-SR37-3 and PFM-SR61-2 intervention significantly lowered the blood pressure (BP) of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester induced hypertensive rats and attenuated renal injury. In particular, long-term administration of PFM inhibited a progressive elevation in SBP (170.22 ± 8.40 and 133.28 ± 6.09 by model group and PFM-SR37-3 treated model group, respectively, at the end of the 4 weeks; p < 0.01 PFM-SR37-3 treated model group versus model group) and DBP (133.83 ± 5.91 and 103.00 ± 6.41 by model group and PFM-SR37-3 treated model group, respectively, at the end of the 4 weeks; p < 0.01 PFM-SR37-3 treated model group versus model group). PFM-SR37-3 and PFM-SR61-2 reshaped the gut microbiome and metabolome, and especially regulated the metabolic levels of L-phenylalanine, L-methionine and L-valine in the intestine and blood circulation. The analysis of the target organ’s aortic transcriptome indicated that the protective effects of PFM-SR37-3 and PFM-SR61-2 were accompanied by the modulation of the BP circadian rhythm pathway, which was conducive to cardiovascular function. Vascular transcriptomic analysis showed that circadian rhythm and AMPK might be potential targets of hypertension. In addition, the ACE inhibition rates of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SR37-3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SR61-2 in vitro were 70.5% and 68.9%, respectively. Our research provides new insights into novel and safe options for hypertension treatment.

The bacterial communities and physicochemical characteristics of four types of extremely distinctive traditionally fermented vegetables (pickled pepper (PP), pickled Brassica napobrassica (PBN), salted flowers of wild chives (SFWC), and pickled cucumber (PC)) were identified and compared from north China. Lactobacillus was the main bacterial genus in PP and PBN samples, with Oceanobacillus only being observed in PBN. The predominant genus in SFWC was Weissella, while in PC they were were Carnimonas and Salinivibrio. At the species level, Companilactobacillus ginsenosidimutans, Fructilactobacillus fructivorans, and Arcobacter marinus were abundant in PP and PBN. Levilactobacillus brevis and Companilactobacillus alimentarius were enriched in PP, and L. acetotolerans, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis and Pediococcus parvulus were observed in PBN. Weissella cibaria and Kosakonia cowanii were abundant in SFWC. Moreover, tartaric acid was the most physicochemical factor influencing microbial composition, followed by malic acid, titratable acidity (TA), and lactic acid. Furthermore, functional analysis demonstrated that the most genes of the bacterial profiles correlated with carbohydrate metabolism. However, some foodborne pathogens were existed, such as Staphylococcus and Arcobacter marinus. The results of this study provide detailed insight into the relationship between the bacterial communities and physicochemical indices of fermented vegetables, and may improve the quality and safety of traditional Chinese fermented vegetables.

Background: Fermented milk is beneficial for metabolic disorders, while the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study explored the benefits and underlying mechanisms of Bifidobacterium longum 070103 fermented milk (BLFM) in thirteen-week high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) fed mice using omics techniques. Methods and results: BLFM with activated glucokinase (GK) was screened by a double-enzyme coupling method. After supplementing BLFM with 10 mL/kg BW per day, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and leptin were significantly reduced compared with the HFHS group. Among them, the final body weight (BW), epididymal fat, perirenal fat, and brown fat in BLFM group had better change trends than Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG fermented milk (LGGFM) group. The amplicon and metabolomic data analysis identified Bifibacterium as a key gut microbiota at regulating glycolipid metabolism. BLFM reverses HFHS-induced reduction in bifidobacteria abundance. Further studies showed that BLFM significantly reduces the content of 3-indoxyl sulofphate associated with intestinal barrier damage. In addition, mice treated with BLFM improved BW, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Conclusion: BLFM consumption attenuates obesity and related symptoms in HFHS-fed mice probably via the modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.