During the research on rust fungi in medicinal plants of Guizhou Province, China, a total of 9 rust fungal species were introduced, including 3 new species (Hamaspora rubi-alceifolii, Nyssopsora altissima, and Phragmidium cymosum), as well as 6 known species (Melampsora laricis-populina, Melampsoridium carpini, Neophysopella ampelopsidis, Nyssopsora koelrezidis, P. rosae-roxburghii, P. tormentillae). Notably, N. ampelopsidis and P. tormentillae were discovered for the first time in China, while M. laricis-populina, Me. carpini, and Ny. koelreuteriae were first documented in Guizhou Province. Morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analyses of these species with similar taxa were compared to confirm their taxonomic identities, and taxonomic descriptions, illustrations and host species of those rust fungi on medicinal plant are provided.

Four species of Xylaria were collected from Guizhou and Hainan provinces in China. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses (based on β-tubulin, rpb2 and α-actin genes) revealed two new species (X. sylvatica sp. nov. and X. wuzhishanensis sp. nov.) and two known species (X. atrosphaerica and X. cubensis). Xylaria sylvatica is distinguished from X. spinulosa by lacking long thorns on the stromatal surface, and larger ascospores (23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm vs. 19–23 × 6.5–8.5 μm) with a sigmoid germ slit. Xylaria wuzhishanensis differs from X. schweinitzii by its semi-globular or irregularly globose stromata, from X. atrosphaerica by its larger ascospores (23–30.5 × 7–9 μm vs. 17–25 × 6–10 μm). Their descriptions and illustrations are provided.

Rust fungi associated with Rubus were collected across diverse locations in Guizhou Province, and three new species – Gerwasia amphidasydis on Rubus amphidasys, Phragmidium coreanicola on Rubus coreanus, and Phragmidium parvifolius on Rubus parvifolius are introduced. These novel species are described based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and LSU loci. Additionally, Gerwasia rubi-setchuenensis is introduced as a new host record on Rubus buergeri. The study includes comprehensive morpho-anatomical descriptions, detailed illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree, providing insights into the taxonomic placement and relationships of these novel taxa within their respective lineages.

During the investigation of xylarialean taxa in China and Thailand, six rosellinia like taxa were collected. Rhizomaticola gen. nov. with type species of Rh. guizhouensis is established based on its morphology and multi-gene molecular data. Rhizomaticola owns no carbonaceous stromata and has black ascospores without a germ slit which are distinguished from those of Rosellinia, Dematophora, Stilbohypoxylon and Xylaria. Five rosellinia like species are introduced based on their morphology, inducing three new species (Dematophora populi,Rosellinia thailandica, Ro. vitis), one new record for China (Ro. cainii) and one known species (D. necatrix). Their descriptions and illustrations are detailed.

Three Rosellinia species were collected from southern China. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, two are introduced as new species while the other is reported as a new record. Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov. and R. verticillata sp. nov. belong to the R. emergens group. Rosellinia qiongensis differs from its similar species by its dimension of ascospores and three short germ slits on ascospores. Rosellinia verticillata differs from species in this group by its ascospores with whole spore length germ silt and surrounded by a thin slimy sheath. All taxa are made available to illustrations and descriptions.