This study demonstrates the potential of Fe-doped BiVO ₄ as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). The Fe-doped BiVO ₄ was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, resulting in a monoclinic heterostructure with a crystallite size ranging from 27.37 to 29.10 nm and an optical band gap of 2.69–2.87 eV. Photocatalytic tests revealed that 3 wt% Fe doping exhibited the highest degradation efficiency, removing 73.37% of TC in 120 min under a low-power (13 W) UV lamp. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to the improved electron–hole separation and optimized Fe doping concentration, which facilitated more efficient light absorption and charge carrier dynamics. Additionally, antibacterial tests confirmed the catalyst’s ability to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus , even in the absence of light, demonstrating its dual functionality in both pollutant degradation and bacterial inactivation. The cost analysis revealed that the synthesized Fe-doped BiVO ₄ costs RM 8.17 per gram, further enhancing its appeal for scalable and cost-effective applications. These findings highlight the versatility of Fe-doped BiVO ₄ as a photocatalyst for addressing antibiotic-based pollution and waterborne pathogens, making it a promising candidate for practical applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. These findings contribute to global efforts in mitigating waterborne antibiotic and microbial pollution, particularly in regions where access to high-energy treatment technologies is limited.

Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared using waste-derived cellulose from bamboo biomass as a functional additive. The cellulose, recovered from an alkaline dissolution process, enhanced the dispersion and structural integrity of CuO nanoparticles (NPs). The CuO prepared in the presence of waste cellulose (CuO-C) exhibited a specific surface area of 32 m²/g, compared to 7 m²/g for pure CuO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a feather-like CuO structure influenced by the presence of the waste-derived cellulose matrix. The catalytic activity of CuO-C was tested through the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP), achieving complete conversion within 15 min. The synthesis cost of CuO-C was approximately RM 3.30 per gram. Antibacterial tests confirmed activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using a highly alkaline solution from the cellulose dissolution process to produce low-cost CuO with improved catalytic and antibacterial properties.

The export of palm oil from Malaysia to China has declined since 2013, although the Malaysian Ringgit has depreciated. The Malaysian palm oil market has also struggled against the Indonesian palm oil and soy oil in China. Hence, this study aimed to identify the significant factors influencing China's demand for Malaysian palm oil by adopting the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) analysis. The finding revealed that the currency rate of exchange, the foreign trade price of Malaysian palm oil to China, and the international soy oil price significantly influence Malaysian palm oil demand in China. Nevertheless, China's real GDP per capita showed a positive and significant influence only in the long run. The demand for Malaysian palm oil in China was not significantly impacted by the palm oil price offered by Indonesia, neither in the long run nor short run. Thus, the authorities related to this industry need to strategize the stock management system to control the price and currency stabilization to maintain its competitive power.

Malaysian demands for green products are escalating due to health concern and green products are common in Malaysia due to various green campaigns in medias over the decades. Yet, the market saturation of green products remained at infancy stage in Malaysia. Therefore, ability to foresee the consumers’ purchase intention on green products is crucial for marketers especially for those who promote products that emphasize animal well-being and environmentally conscious. Theory of Planned Behavior was utilized for this study on green products; and the results indicated that variables such as attitude towards environment and animal welfare, influence of green movement, environmentalist and friends and education level are important in influencing green consumers’ purchasing intention on green products. In addition, age, education and income level, subjective norm such as family and green movement are crucial in determining the non-green consumers’ purchase intention on green products.