Studies on biofilm-related infections are gaining prominence owing to their involvement in most clinical infections and seriously threatening global public health. A biofilm is a natural form of bacterial growth ubiquitous in ecological niches, considered to be a generic survival mechanism adopted by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and entailing heterogeneous cell development within the matrix. In the ecological niche, quorum sensing is a communication channel that is crucial to developing biofilms. Biofilm formation leads to increased resistance to unfavourable ecological effects, comprising resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are frequently combated with modern conventional medicines such as antibiotics, but at present, they are considered inadequate for the treatment of multi-drug resistance; therefore, it is vital to discover some new antimicrobial agents that can prevent the production and growth of biofilm, in addition to minimizing the side effects of such therapies. In the search for some alternative and safe therapies, natural plant-derived phytomedicines are gaining popularity among the research community. Phytomedicines are natural agents derived from natural plants. These plant-derived agents may include flavonoids, terpenoids, lectins, alkaloids, polypeptides, polyacetylenes, phenolics, and essential oils. Since they are natural agents, they cause minimal side effects, so could be administered with dose flexibility. It is vital to discover some new antimicrobial agents that can control the production and growth of biofilms. This review summarizes and analyzes the efficacy characteristics and corresponding mechanisms of natural-product-based antibiofilm agents, i.e., phytochemicals, biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides, and their sources, along with their mechanism, quorum sensing signalling pathways, disrupting extracellular matrix adhesion. The review also provides some other strategies to inhibit biofilm-related illness. The prepared list of newly discovered natural antibiofilm agents could help in devising novel strategies for biofilm-associated infections.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the predominant malignant tumour of the oral cavity, constituting more than 90% of oral malignancies. It is linked to elevated morbidity and mortality, often resulting from late-stage diagnosis and restricted therapeutic effectiveness. It is accelerated by a number of risk factors, including genetic predisposition, alcohol use, tobacco use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In order to promote early detection and improve patient outcomes, this review attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the risk factors, diagnostic techniques, and available treatments for OSCC. Using internet databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, a thorough literature analysis was carried out with an emphasis on the differences between previous and current papers published. The selection of studies was based on their scientific quality, relevance, and discussion of risk factors, diagnostic techniques, or therapy approaches linked to OSCC. The results show that prognosis is much improved by early identification. Advanced imaging modalities and molecular biomarkers facilitate early diagnosis. Surgery and adjuvant therapy are two examples of multimodal treatment techniques that increase survival rates. Prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment approaches are essential for improving OSCC management. Additional research is required to formulate innovative medicines and improve early detection methods.

Polymer‐based nanomaterials have developed to be promising materials in recent drug delivery, and several kinds of therapeutic applications have been attributed to their controlled physicochemical properties, multiform structure and excellent biocompatibility. The recent development of polymer chemistry, nanofabrication processes, and molecular mechanics now makes it feasible that by designing more complex nanocarriers, we should be able to overcome some crucial biological barriers in cancer treatment as well as improve drug stability and site‐directed targeting. Recent progress in the development of polymeric nanomaterials, which include polymer nanoparticles (NP), micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, and polymersomes as well as their hybrids with inorganic NPs, is reviewed with emphasis on the controlled and stimuli‐responsive drug delivery. Also presented are innovative methodologies such as surface functionalization, ligand targeting, and stimuli‐responsive based drug delivery by intelligent polymers responsive to pH, redox potential, enzymes, and temperature for precision therapy. Moreover, coupling polymer‐based nanomaterials with emerging therapeutic strategies, including gene therapy, immunotherapy, and synergistic drug delivery, has broadened the clinical application of these materials. Scalable synthesis, green polymer processing, and regulatory compliant design are also addressed as clinical translation gains more importance. Nevertheless, obstacles like long‐term safety, biodistribution/reproducibility, and large‐scale manufacturing prevent the exploitation of these effective treatment tools to rush human trials. Generally, the polymer‐based nanomaterials are a promising and dynamic solution for futuristic drug delivery and therapy in the next generation; it also provokes a new processing to improve the therapeutic response as well as patient‐based treatment.

Indole and its derivatives have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their diverse phytochemical compositions and pharmacological properties. This comprehensive review explores the phytochemical diversity and pharmacological interventions associated with indole derivatives, encompassing a wide array of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds. Highlighting the versatility of these compounds, we discuss their roles in traditional medicine systems, as well as their potential applications in modern drug discovery and development. The review covers the structural diversity of indole derivatives and their mechanisms of action in various biological pathways, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. Additionally, we delve into the potential synergistic effects of indole derivatives in combination therapies and the challenges associated with their utilization, such as bioavailability and toxicity concerns. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current understanding of indole-derived compounds and their promising avenues for future research and therapeutic applications.