Garlic generally becomes coinfected with several types of viruses belonging to the Potyvirus, Carlavirus, and Allexivirus genera. These viruses produce characteristically similar symptoms, they cannot be easily identified by electron microscopy (EM) or immunological detection methods, and they are currently widespread around the world, thereby affecting crop yields and crop quality adversely. For the early and reliable detection of garlic viruses, virus-specific sets of primers, including species-specific and genus-specific primers were designed. To effectively detect the twelve different types of garlic viruses, primer mixtures were tested and divided into two independent sets for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The multiplex PCR assays were able to detect specific targets up to the similar dilution series with monoplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Seventy-two field samples collected by the Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration were analyzed by multiplex RT-PCR. All seventy two samples were infected with at least one virus, and the coinfection rate was 78%. We conclude that the simultaneous detection system developed in this study can effectively detect and differentiate mixed viral infections in garlic.

Introduction: Pseudoaneurysms are caused by rupture of arteries with extravasation of blood. The compressed perivascular tissue forms the wall of aneurysmal sac. Pseudoaneurysm directly related with surgical procedure of sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) was reported quite rarely especially related with facial artery during the vertical osteotomy. Case report: SSRO was carried out for a 19-year-old male; the patient visited the emergency room with notable swelling 3 weeks after the surgery. We experienced severe intra-oral bleeding with surgical exploration. Angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the right facial artery that might be related with vertical osteotomy over lateral cortex of the mandibular body during orthognathic surgery. This implies that the minor vascular trauma from vertical osteotomy of the mandibular body during the conventional orthognathic surgery might cause later development of pseudoaneurysm.

Maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) is a tentative new Polerovirus, which was recently identified from maize (Zea mays) in China (Chen et al. 2016). MaYMV has also been reported to infect sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and itch grass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis), and it has been reported in Asia, Africa and South America (Gonçalves et al. 2017; Palanga et al. 2017; Yahaya et al. 2017). In this study, MaYMV was detected in Panicum miliaceum and Sorghum bicolor using Illumina HiSeq2500 system by Theragen Etex Bio Institute (Suwon, Korea) and SG-VIPdb by SeqGenesis (Daejeon, Korea), as described by Lim et al. (2015). Twenty samples of P. miliaceum and sixty three samples of S. bicolor were collected from July to September and from June to October, 2016, respectively, in South Korea. The high-throughput RNA sequencing of the samples mixed into one pool resulted in a single large contig (5606-nt) with nearly complete MaYMV genome coverage. The contig was assembled from a total of 234,537 reads; the maximum, minimum...