Objective. To examine whether the G-to-A polymorphism at position −308 in the promoter of the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) gene influences the therapeutic response to TNFα-blockers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Objective: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in whom the response to anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy is inadequate have several therapeutic options, such as switching to an alternative anti‐TNF agent or initiating B cell–depleting therapy with rituximab (RTX). Although both therapeutic options have been proven effective in trials, no head‐to‐head comparisons are available. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of RTX with that of an alternative anti‐TNF agent in the management of patients with RA who had an inadequate response to anti‐TNF therapy.Methods: This prospective cohort study was nested within the Swiss Clinical Quality Management RA cohort and included all patients who had an inadequate response to at least 1 anti‐TNF agent and subsequently received either 1 cycle of RTX or an alternative anti‐TNF agent. The primary outcome was the evolution of RA disease activity (as measured on the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28]), which was analyzed using multivariate regression models for longitudinal data.Results: One hundred sixteen patients with RA were included; 50 patients received 1 cycle of RTX, and 66 patients were treated with a second or a third alternative anti‐TNF agent. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in age, sex, disease duration, and disease activity. Evolution of the DAS28 was more favorable in the group that received RTX compared with the group that received an alternative anti‐TNF agent (P = 0.01). At 6 months, the mean decrease in the DAS28 was −1.61 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] −1.97, −1.25) among patients receiving RTX and −0.98 (95% CI −1.33, −0.62) among those receiving subsequent anti‐TNF therapy.Conclusion: The results of this observational study suggest that treatment with RTX may be more effective than switching to an alternative anti‐TNF agent in patients with RA in whom active disease persists despite anti‐TNF therapy.

Background: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to TNF antagonists (aTNFs) may switch to an alternative aTNF or start treatment from a different class of drugs, such as rituximab (RTX). It remains unclear in which clinical settings these therapeutic strategies offer most benefit. Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of RTX versus alternative aTNFs on RA disease activity in different subgroups of patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study of patients with RA who discontinued at least one aTNF and subsequently received either RTX or an alternative aTNF, nested within the Swiss RA registry (SCQM-RA) was carried out. The primary outcome, longitudinal improvement in 28-joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28), was analysed using multivariate regression models for longitudinal data and adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Of the 318 patients with RA included; 155 received RTX and 163 received an alternative aTNF. The relative benefit of RTX varied with the type of prior aTNF failure: when the motive for switching was ineffectiveness to previous aTNFs, the longitudinal improvement in DAS28 was significantly better with RTX than with an alternative aTNF (p = 0.03; at 6 months, −1.34 (95% CI −1.54 to −1.15) vs −0.93 (95% CI −1.28 to −0.59), respectively). When the motive for switching was other causes, the longitudinal improvement in DAS28 was similar for RTX and alternative aTNFs (p = 0.40). These results were not significantly modified by the number of previous aTNF failures, the type of aTNF switches, or the presence of co-treatment with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. Conclusion: This observational study suggests that in patients with RA who have stopped a previous aTNF treatment because of ineffectiveness changing to RTX is more effective than switching to an alternative aTNF.

Objectives Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause kidney damage. This study assessed the impact of prolonged NSAID exposure on renal function in a large rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient cohort. Methods Renal function was prospectively followed between 1996 and 2007 in 4101 RA patients with multilevel mixed models for longitudinal data over a mean period of 3.2 years. Among the 2739 ‘NSAID users’ were 1290 patients treated with cyclooxygenase type 2 selective NSAIDs, while 1362 subjects were ‘NSAID naive’. Primary outcome was the estimated glomerular filtration rate according to the Cockroft–Gault formula (eGFR_CG), and secondary the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula equations and serum creatinine concentrations. In sensitivity analyses, NSAID dosing effects were compared for patients with NSAID registration in ≤/>50%, ≤/>80% or ≤/>90% of assessments. Findings In patients with baseline eGFR_CG >30 mL/min, eGFR_CG evolved without significant differences over time between ‘NSAID users’ (mean change in eGFR_CG −0.87 mL/min/year, 95% CI −1.15 to −0.59) and ‘NSAID naive’ (−0.67 mL/min/year, 95% CI −1.26 to −0.09, p=0.63). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for significant confounders age, sex, body mass index, arterial hypertension, heart disease and for other insignificant factors, NSAIDs were an independent predictor for accelerated renal function decline only in patients with advanced baseline renal impairment (eGFR_CG <30 mL/min). Analyses with secondary outcomes and sensitivity analyses confirmed these results. Conclusions NSAIDs had no negative impact on renal function estimates but in patients with advanced renal impairment.