It is well established that access to preventative care, such as breast or cervical cancer screening, can reduce morbidity and mortality. Certain groups may be missed out of these healthcare services, such as women with disabilities, as they face many access barriers due to underlying inequalities and negative attitudes. However, the data have not been reviewed on whether women with disabilities face inequalities in the uptake of these services. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to compare the uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening in women with and without disabilities. A search was conducted in July 2021 across four databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Global Health, and CINAHL. Quantitative studies comparing the uptake of breast or cervical cancer screening between women with and without disabilities were eligible. Twenty-nine studies were included, all from high-income settings. One third of the 29 studies (34.5%, n = 10) were deemed to have a high risk of bias, and the remainder a low risk of bias. The pooled estimates showed that women with disabilities have 0.78 (95% CI: 0.72–0.84) lower odds of attending breast cancer screening and have 0.63 (95% CI: 0.45–0.88) lower odds of attending cervical cancer screening, compared to women without disabilities. In conclusion, women with disabilities face disparities in receipt of preventative cancer care. There is consequently an urgent need to evaluate and improve the inclusivity of cancer screening programs and thereby prevent avoidable morbidity and mortality.

The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, and new variants continue to emerge. Various examination methods and sampling specimens are continuously being developed and published. The standard for sampling is in the nasopharynx. However, in children, this is often uncomfortable and at risk of eliciting complications. Therefore, it is necessary to look for other alternative sampling sites such as fluid from the middle ear. Scientific evidence shows that the middle ear can be a place for the attachment and growth of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, to the best of the author's knowledge, there have been no publications on middle ear discharge as a sample for the determination of the diagnosis of COVID-19. Based on this, the authors would like to explore the possibility of middle ear discharge for COVID-19 test material. A narrative review on the use of middle ear discharge as a potential diagnostic specimen for COVID-19 was conducted. The searches were conducted in the PubMed and ProQuest databases.

The capacity to establish the diagnosis among probable COVID 19 cases is limited, moreover, in death cases. Rapid molecular test (RMT) could be an alternative for establishing the definitive diagnosis in mortality cases, furthermore, management of bodies can be carried out in hospitals so as not to pollute the environment. The study was conducted in 6 hospitals and 10 primary health care centers in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara from March 25^th to August 5^th, 2020. Nasopharyngeal swab post-mortem was done between 1-12 hours post-somatic dead in patients who were diagnosed with probable COVID-19. RMT was performed by GeneXpert Cepheid with cartridge Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2. The identification procedure was done by following the guideline in the manual procedure of the cartridge. The result of RMT will be positive or negative depending on the View Results Window of the GeneXpert System. There were 33 post-mortems nasopharyngeal swab samples that fulfill the criteria in the study period. Thirteen (39,39%) were positive for SARS-Cov-2. Most of the positive sample was taken 1-4 hours after somatic death, followed by 8-12 hours after somatic death consecutively 11 (84,61%) and 2 (15,38%). Among the positive cases, most of them were female, the age more than 60 years old, and owing to hypertension and cardiovascular disease as a comorbid sequentially 8 (61,53%), 8 (61,53%), and 5 (38,46%). RMT could be used as an alternative to identify the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in the somatic dead patient until 12 hours post-mortem, however, the best time for taking a swab sample should be 1-4 hours post-mortem.