Breast cancer (BC) is one of the primary causes of cancer death among women. Early detection of BC allows patients to receive appropriate treatment, thus increasing the possibility of survival. In this work, a new deep-learning (DL) model based on the transfer-learning (TL) technique is developed to efficiently assist in the automatic detection and diagnosis of the BC suspected area based on two techniques namely 80-20 and cross-validation. DL architectures are modeled to be problem-specific. TL uses the knowledge gained during solving one problem in another relevant problem. In the proposed model, the features are extracted from the mammographic image analysis- society (MIAS) dataset using a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture such as Inception V3, ResNet50, Visual Geometry Group networks (VGG)-19, VGG-16, and Inception-V2 ResNet. Six evaluation metrics for evaluating the performance of the proposed model in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F-score, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) has been chosen. Experimental results show that the TL of the VGG16 model is powerful for BC diagnosis by classifying the mammogram breast images with overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F-score, and AUC of 98.96%, 97.83%, 99.13%, 97.35%, 97.66%, and 0.995, respectively for 80-20 method and 98.87%, 97.27%, 98.2%, 98.84%, 98.04%, and 0.993 for 10-fold cross-validation method.

The Harris hawk optimizer is a recent population-based metaheuristics algorithm that simulates the hunting behavior of hawks. This swarm-based optimizer performs the optimization procedure using a novel way of exploration and exploitation and the multiphases of search. In this review research, we focused on the applications and developments of the recent well-established robust optimizer Harris hawk optimizer (HHO) as one of the most popular swarm-based techniques of 2020. Moreover, several experiments were carried out to prove the powerfulness and effectivness of HHO compared with nine other state-of-art algorithms using Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC2005) and CEC2017. The literature review paper includes deep insight about possible future directions and possible ideas worth investigations regarding the new variants of the HHO algorithm and its widespread applications.

A brain tumor can have an impact on the symmetry of a person’s face or head, depending on its location and size. If a brain tumor is located in an area that affects the muscles responsible for facial symmetry, it can cause asymmetry. However, not all brain tumors cause asymmetry. Some tumors may be located in areas that do not affect facial symmetry or head shape. Additionally, the asymmetry caused by a brain tumor may be subtle and not easily noticeable, especially in the early stages of the condition. Brain tumor classification using deep learning involves using artificial neural networks to analyze medical images of the brain and classify them as either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In the field of medical imaging, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been used for tasks such as the classification of brain tumors. These models can then be used to assist in the diagnosis of brain tumors in new cases. Brain tissues can be analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By misdiagnosing forms of brain tumors, patients’ chances of survival will be significantly lowered. Checking the patient’s MRI scans is a common way to detect existing brain tumors. This approach takes a long time and is prone to human mistakes when dealing with large amounts of data and various kinds of brain tumors. In our proposed research, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were trained to detect the three most prevalent forms of brain tumors, i.e., Glioma, Meningioma, and Pituitary; they were optimized using Aquila Optimizer (AQO), which was used for the initial population generation and modification for the selected dataset, dividing it into 80% for the training set and 20% for the testing set. We used the VGG-16, VGG-19, and Inception-V3 architectures with AQO optimizer for the training and validation of the brain tumor dataset and to obtain the best accuracy of 98.95% for the VGG-19 model.

Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus, is a rare infection caused by mould that can affect the lungs, brain, skin, and sinuses. People with weakened immune systems due to underlying health conditions (e.g., organ transplant, uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, neutropenia, AIDS, and COVID-19) or drug use are more likely to contract the infection. Recent reports have indicated that a small number of COVID-19 survivors with co-morbidities are particularly vulnerable to black fungus. Therefore, recovered COVID-19 patients should seek medical attention immediately if they experience any mucormycosis symptoms. Patients with COVID-19 have numerous concerns regarding this life-threatening infection, particularly those with immunocompromised states such as solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) or tumors, who are more likely to be infected. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent patient mortality. In this paper, we present the Multi-Class Black Fungus (MCBF) dataset, which consists of three compressed folders containing images. The first folder includes 66 images of eye black fungus after data preprocessing, while the second folder contains 63 images of mouth black fungus after data preprocessing. The third contains 62 images of the mouth after applying data preprocessing, and the last one contains 79 images of black skin fungus after applying data preprocessing. The MCBF dataset contains images that aid in training and validation when using deep learning algorithms to recognise and classify black fungus diseases, then we apply a resnet(50) pretrained model by using MCBF accuracy reaches 96.12%.