Inspired by the mystery of natural homochirality, the design and construction of artificial chiral systems with special functions including mechanics, chiroptical devices, and chiral separation have aroused the great interest of scientists. Due to its diverse conformations and components, polymers become an excellent candidate to construct artificial chiral aggregates, which provides an opportunity to fabricate advanced chiral materials. Herein, in this review, we summarized not only the different strategies for construction and regulation of supramolecular chirality in chiral or achiral polymer systems, mainly including post‐assembly and polymerization‐induced chiral self‐assembly in chiral polymer systems and several chirality transfer and induction strategies in achiral polymer systems, but also the formation mechanisms of chiral aggregates by the chirality amplification from the molecular level to supramolecular level. Furthermore, we present the typical applications of chiral polymeric aggregates in circularly polarized light emission, chiral recognition and separation, and chiral elastomer. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of chiral polymeric aggregates are also elaborated.