Biofilms shield bacteria via complex structures and persister cells, hindering treatment. Nanotechnology-based approaches like ROS-generating nanoparticles and microrobots offer innovative means to disrupt and penetrate these defenses.

Co-infections involving human metapneumovirus ( hMPV ), respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ), and influenza A virus ( IAV ) often exacerbate disease severity in vulnerable populations. Here, we employed a structure-based immunoinformatics approach to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine targeting these pathogens. The construct incorporated two epitopes each for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), helper T lymphocytes (HTLs), and B cells, derived from the fusion proteins of hMPV and RSV , as well as the neuraminidase protein of IAV . These epitopes were linked with an adjuvant and optimized spacers to enhance immunogenicity and structural stability. Structural modeling confirmed correct folding, and molecular docking predicted a stable interaction with Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) − 277.43 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated a compact and stable complex with restricted conformational motions, while MM/GBSA analysis yielded a favorable binding free energy (–121.72 kcal/mol) dominated by electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. Immune simulations predicted strong humoral and cellular responses, including high antibody titers, IFN-γ and IL-2 production, and durable memory formation. Codon optimization achieved a codon adaptation index (CAI) of 0.98 and a GC content of 51.24%, suggesting efficient expression in Escherichia coli . These findings highlight the construct as a structurally stable, immunogenic, and expression-ready vaccine candidate, warranting experimental validation against hMPV , RSV , and IAV .

Ammonia (NH₃) is essential for human endeavors, as around half of the world's food output depends on fertilizers derived from NH₃. Nonetheless, its industrial manufacturing demands substantial energy consumption and releases significant amounts of greenhouse gases, contributing to a variety of environmental concerns. Substantial ventures have been dedicated to creating an eco-friendly and sustainable method for synthesizing ammonia using renewable energy. Catalysts are pivotal in both chemical and electrochemical reactions. Hence, the creation of catalysts exhibiting increased efficiency and durability, obtained from readily accessible Earth materials, holds immense significance. Perovskite oxides, recognized for their significant flexibility in composition and structural design, demonstrate versatile electrocatalytic abilities across a variety of redox reactions. However, a comprehensive review addressing the most recent advancements in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO₃ ⁻) to NH₃ catalyzed by perovskite oxides has been absent until now. This timely review provides readers with a thorough comprehension and up-to-date perspectives on progress made in enhancing the electrocatalytic potential of perovskite oxides in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (eNO₃RR) to ammonia. We have also explored different strategies capable of enhancing the catalytic efficacy of perovskite oxides. A specific emphasis is placed on understanding how the interplay between perovskite and oxygen vacancies contributes to the improved efficiency of NO₃ ⁻ reduction to NH₃. Finally, this review outlines present challenges and upcoming avenues for developing more efficient catalysts based on perovskite compounds.