The emergence and rapid spread of the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have confirmed that animal coronaviruses represent a potential zoonotic source. Porcine deltacoronavirus is a worldwide evolving enteropathogen of swine, detected first in Hong Kong, China, before its global identification. Following the recent detection of PDCoV in humans, we attempted in this report to re-examine the status of PDCoV phylogenetic classification and evolutionary characteristics. A dataset of 166 complete PDCoV genomes was analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood method in IQ-TREE with the best-fitting model GTR + F + I + G4, revealing two major genogroups (GI and GII), with further seven and two sub-genogroups, (GI a-g) and (GII a-b), respectively. PDCoV strains collected in China exhibited the broadest genetic diversity, distributed in all subgenotypes. Thirty-one potential natural recombination events were identified, 19 of which occurred between China strains, and seven involved at least one China strain as a parental sequence. Importantly, we identified a human Haiti PDCoV strain as recombinant, alarming a possible future spillover that could become a critical threat to human health. The similarity and recombination analysis showed that PDCoV spike ORF is highly variable compared to ORFs encoding other structural proteins. Prediction of linear B cell epitopes of the spike glycoprotein and the 3D structural mapping of amino acid variations of two representative strains of GI and GII showed that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein underwent a significant antigenic drift, suggesting its contribution in the genetic diversity and the wider spread of PDCoV.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), causing bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in cattle, is one of the highly contagious and devastating diseases of cattle. Since 1980, BVDV has been identified all-over China in a variety of animal species including cattle, camels, yaks, sheep, water buffalo, goats, Sika deer and pigs. In this study, 31 BVDV complete genomes reported in China (from 2004 to 2020) with other 112 genomes reported around the world were comparatively analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis shows that BVDV genomes reported worldwide clustered in three major clades i.e., BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3. The BVDV-1 is genetically the most diverged genotype and phylogenetically classified into 7 sub-clades in our study based on full-length genomes. The China BVDV genomes fall into all three major clades, e.g., BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BVDV-3. China BVDV-1 clustered into five sub-clades, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7, where sub-clade 7 clustered as a separate sub-clade. Full-length genome recombination analysis reveals that the BVDV-1 reported in China appears to be mainly involved in recombination events. In addition, comparative analysis of E2 proteins between BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3 reveals that the amino acid variations could affect 12 potential linear B cell epitopes, demonstrating a dramatic antigen drift in the E2 protein. These results provide a thorough view of the information about the genetic and antigenic diversity of BVDVs circulating in China and therefore could benefit the development of suitable strategies for disease control.

Depression represents one of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, significantly impacting quality of life and posing substantial healthcare challenges. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on subjective assessments and clinical interviews, often leading to misdiagnosis, delayed treatment, and suboptimal outcomes. Recent advances in biosensing technologies offer promising avenues for objective depression assessment through detection of relevant biomarkers and physiological parameters. This review examines multi-modal biosensing approaches for depression by analyzing electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitter monitoring alongside wearable sensors tracking autonomic, neural, and behavioral parameters. We explore sensor fusion methodologies, temporal dynamics analysis, and context-aware frameworks that enhance monitoring accuracy through complementary data streams. The review discusses clinical validation across diagnostic, screening, and treatment applications, identifying performance metrics, implementation challenges, and ethical considerations. We outline technical barriers, user acceptance factors, and data privacy concerns while presenting a development roadmap for personalized, continuous monitoring solutions. This integrative approach holds significant potential to revolutionize depression care by enabling earlier detection, precise diagnosis, tailored treatment, and sensitive monitoring guided by objective biosignatures. Successful implementation requires interdisciplinary collaboration among engineers, clinicians, data scientists, and end-users to balance technical sophistication with practical usability across diverse healthcare contexts.

• Full-length genomes of DHAV-1 worldwide were sorted into seven sub-groups. • Full-length genomes of DHAV-3 worldwide were sorted into five sub-groups. • DHAVs identified in China displayed great genetic diversity. • Recombination hotspot of DHAV genome is at the 5′ end and upstream of the capsid coding region. • The highest variability of DHAV polyprotein is at the upstream region of n terminus P-loop.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that threatens animal health and remains elusive despite years of research efforts. The systematical analysis of all available full-length genomes of TGEVs (a total of 43) and porcine respiratory coronaviruses PRCVs (a total of 7) showed that TGEVs fell into two independent evolutionary phylogenetic clades, GI and GII. Viruses circulating in China (until 2021) clustered with the traditional or attenuated vaccine strains within the same evolutionary clades (GI). In contrast, viruses latterly isolated in the USA fell into GII clade. The viruses circulating in China have a lower similarity with that isolated latterly in the USA all through the viral genome. In addition, at least four potential genomic recombination events were identified, three of which occurred in GI clade and one in GII clade. TGEVs circulating in China are distinct from the viruses latterly isolated in the USA at either genomic nucleotide or antigenic levels. Genomic recombination serves as a factor driving the expansion of TGEV genomic diversity.