After being treated with protease K, peptides extracted from donkey blood were separated, identified, and characterized. The results showed that Sephadex G-25 medium purified with MW < 3 kDa had the highest dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition capacity. Three-hundred-and-thirty-four peptides were identified with UPLC–MS/MS. Peptide Ranker and molecular docking analysis were used to screen active peptides, and 16 peptides were finalized out of the 334. The results showed that the lowest binding energy between P7(YPWTQ) and DPP-IV was −9.1, and the second-lowest binding energy between P1(VDPENFRLL) and DPP-IV was −8.7. The active peptides(MW < 3 kDa) could cause a reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels of type 2 diabetic mice, improve glucose tolerance, and facilitate healing of the damaged structure of diabetic murine liver and pancreas. Meanwhile, the peptides were found to ameliorate the diabetic murine intestinal micro-ecological environment to a certain extent.

In this study, C. esculentus porous starch (PS) and C. esculentus cross-linked porous starch (CPS) were prepared by enzymatic modification and sodium phytate cross-linking, and their physicochemical and structural properties were determined. The results showed that the adsorption and emulsification capacities of PS were 1.3606 g/g and 22.6 mL/g, respectively, which were significantly higher than 0.5419 g/g and 4.2 mL/g of C. esculentus starch (NS). The retrogradation curves of starch paste showed that the stability of PS was inferior to that of NS. In addition, the results of texture analysis showed that the gel strength of PS was also significantly reduced relative to NS. The PS exhibited a rough surface with pores and low molecular order and crystallinity according to scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses. As compared to PS, CPS still presented a high adsorption capacity of 1.2744 g/g and the steadiness of starch paste was significantly better. XPS demonstrated the occurrence of the cross-linking reaction. Our results show that enzyme modification and dual modification by combining enzymatic treatment with sodium phytate cross-linking can impart different structures and functions to starch, creating reference material for the application of modified starch from C. esculentus.

The aim of the present study was to establish a new process for brewing red raspberry wine with immobilized yeast and improve the value of red raspberry. Using the spore filaments of P. chrysogenum as a carrier to co-culture with yeast to obtain immobilized yeast. And the preparation method of immobilized yeast was optimized by single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiments. And the red raspberry wine was brewed in these conditions. The result shows that the optimal preparation conditions for the immobilized yeast of P. chrysogenum were 5 g/L gluconic acid, 5 g/L yeast extract, and the addition amount of P. chrysogenum spores 1 × 10⁵ cfu/ml. Compared with free yeast, the immobilized yeast of P. chrysogenum has better fermenting ability, can better keep the anthocyanins and polyphenols and other active ingredients of red raspberry. The quality of the wine was improved due to increase in aroma components such as alcohols and esters. The immobilized yeast of P. chrysogenum maintained good fermentation performance after three consecutive fermentations.

To increase the flavour complexity and overall quality of pure raspberry fruit wine, a novel composite fruit wine was developed using Cyperus esculentus meal saccharification liquid and red raspberries as raw materials. In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with online extraction and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-OE-MS), as well as headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), were used to investigate the impact of raspberry saccharification liquid on the chemical composition and flavour profile of the composite fruit wine. The findings are summarized as follows: Significant differences were observed in the composition of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids between the composite fruit wine and pure raspberry wine. Notable increases were detected in nonanedioic acid, chlorogenic acid, D-tartaric acid, and gluconic acid. Additionally, substantial increases were detected in the levels of esters, terpenes, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and ketones, including unique compounds such as decanoic acid ethyl ester, 2,3-dehydro-1,8-eucalyptol, and absynthin, as well as cyclohexanol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylbutyl)-trans-1,5-heptadiene-4-one, and 3,3,6-trimethylhexanoic acid. In contrast, the concentrations of compounds such as succinic acid, propanal, 4-hydroxyproline, and ethyl acetate significantly decreased. This modification increased various aromatic compounds, enriching the flavour profile of the fruit wine and enhancing its complexity and overall aromatic characteristics. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the development of high-quality composite fruit wines.

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are major drivers of metabolic inflammatory diseases, and natural antioxidant peptides represent promising therapeutic agents. Antioxidant peptides derived from Cyperus protein (CAOP) exhibit high digestibility and bioavailability, but their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: We employed in vitro experiments, non-targeted metabolomics, peptide omics, and molecular docking techniques to explore how CAOP exerts dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Results: The in vitro experiments showed that in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, CAOP not only significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) but also significantly reduced the gene expression and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the phagocytic ability of cells. Metabolomics studies indicate that CAOP protects cells from LPS-induced damage by enhancing intracellular glutathione metabolism pathways, glyceraldehyde and dicarboxylic acid metabolism pathways, pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis metabolism pathways, and thiamine metabolism pathways while inhibiting the ferroptosis pathway. CAOP was purified using Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and its amino acid sequence was determined using LC-MS/MS technology. Subsequently, 25 peptide sequences were screened through bioinformatics analysis. These peptides can target Keap1. Among them, DLHMFVWS (-ICE = 62.8072) and LGHPWGNAPG (-ICE = 57.4345) are most likely to activate the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. Conclusions: CAOP exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the key metabolic networks, demonstrating its therapeutic promise for associated with oxidative damage and metabolic inflammation disorders.