Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic neglected tropical disease (zNTD) which imposes considerable financial burden to endemic countries. The 2021–2030 World Health Organization’s roadmap on NTDs has proposed that intensified control be achieved in hyperendemic areas of 17 countries by 2030. Successful interventions for disease control, and the scale-up of programmes applying such interventions, rely on understanding the associated costs and relative return for investment. We conducted a scoping review of existing peer-reviewed literature on economic evaluations of CE control strategies focused on Echinococcus granulosus zoonotic hosts. Methodology/Principal findings: Database searches of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CABI Direct and JSTOR were conducted and comprehensively reviewed in March 2022, using predefined search criteria with no date, field or language restrictions. A total of 100 papers were initially identified and assessed for eligibility against strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Bibliography review of included manuscripts was used to identify additional literature. Full review of the final manuscript selection (n = 9) was performed and cost data for control interventions were extracted. Conclusions/Significance: There are very little published data pertaining to the cost and cost effectiveness of CE control interventions targeting its zoonotic hosts. Data given for costs are often incomplete, thus we were unable to perform an economic analysis and cost effectiveness study, highlighting a pressing need for this information. There is much scope for future work in this area. More detailed information and disaggregated costings need to be collected and made available. This would increase the accuracy of any cost-effective analyses to be performed and allow for a greater understanding of the opportunity cost of healthcare decisions and resource allocation by stakeholders and policy makers for effective and cost-effective CE control.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease relevant to public health in many countries, on all continents except Antarctica. The objective of the study is to describe the registered cases and mortality from echinococcosis in Brazil, from 1995 to 2016. The records of two national databases, the Hospital Information System (HIS) and the Mortality Information System (MIS), were accessed during the period of 1995–2016. Demographic, epidemiological, and health care data related to the occurrence of disease and deaths attributed to echinococcosis in Brazil are described. The results showed that 7955 records of hospitalizations were documented in the HIS, during the study period, with 185 deaths from echinococcosis, and 113 records of deaths were documented in the MIS Deaths in every state of Brazil in the period. When comparing between states, the HIS showed great variability in mortality rates, possibly indicating heterogeneity in diagnosis and in the quality of health care received by patients. Less severe cases that do not require specialized care are not recorded by the information systems, thus the true burden of the disease could be underrepresented in the country. A change in the coding of disease records in the HIS in the late 1990s, (the integration of echinococcosis cases with other pathologies), led to the loss of specificity of the records. The records showed a wide geographic distribution of deaths from echinococcosis, reinforcing the need to expand the notification of the disease in Brazil. Currently, notification of cases is compulsory in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Exerting substantial health and economic impact on humans, and the agricultural industry of affected countries, CE is one of 20 neglected tropical diseases included in the 2021–2030 World Health Organization (WHO) roadmap to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Methods: The CEST model, a stochastic disease transmission model for CE, captures the lifecycle and disease dynamics of the parasite in dogs and sheep. Calibrated with data from Río Negro, Argentina, and incorporating annual fluctuations in livestock husbandry, the model includes historical interventions employed in the Río Negro control programme since its onset (1980) in a retrospective analysis. A prospective analysis models various intervention scenarios (2025–2035). Dog deworming with praziquantel and sheep vaccination with EG95 are simulated at different frequencies and coverage levels. Annual CE prevalence in dogs, sheep and predicted human risk are presented for each intervention. Results: Monthly deworming most rapidly reduced dog prevalence and environmental egg burden; however, increasing vaccine coverage from 60% to 80% achieved a greater impact on sheep prevalence. Vaccination was less effective at 60% coverage, highlighting the importance of achieving the higher coverage and full dosing of animals in control programmes. Although current interventions can reduce disease prevalence in dogs and sheep, even when they are modelled at increased frequencies and coverage, sporadic transmission is predicted to continue. To break the status quo, alternative intervention packages need to be considered. Conclusions: Enhancing CE control requires additional measures, including a deeper understanding of factors contributing to disease persistence despite current control efforts. The CEST model can be extended to simulate additional interventions, making it a valuable tool for policymakers and stakeholders in planning CE control efforts beyond the Sustainable Development Goals.