During the COVID-19 pandemic, all regions in Indonesia have had negative economic growth. It also increased the poverty rate in the country. The government must allocate pro-growth and poverty reduction programs to maintain economic growth and simultaneously reduce poverty. This study aims to measure the relative efficiency of pro-growth poverty reduction spending of local governments in seven regions in Indonesia. This study compares the efficiency scores before and during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2015 to 2019 and 2020. The inputs are five types of government spending: education, health, economic, social protection, and infrastructure. The outputs are economic growth and poverty reduction. Data envelopment analysis with an output-oriented model and a return to scale variable approach is applied. The results show that the highest average local government efficiency score was in Kalimantan, with the lowest being in Sulawesi. The efficiency scores of local governments in the COVID-19 pandemic differ between regions: it remained stable in Kalimantan, increased in Java-Bali, Sumatra, and Sulawesi, and experienced a decline in Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua. The study concludes that economic growth and poverty reduction can simultaneously measure government efficiency. To be relatively efficient, local governments need to consider allocating pro-growth poverty reduction spending to improve the conditions of both outputs.

The objectives of this study are: 1. To find out the description of student activities during the covid19 pandemic, 2. To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student academic performance. The number of respondents in this study were 400 students, using purposive random sampling method, taken as many as 2.5 percent of students from 8 faculties at Bengkulu University. The data were analyzed descriptively and statistically by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results of the study found that there were differences in student activities before the pandemic to the pandemic period. During the pandemic the time spent for reading lecture material decreased, while the time spent for doing assignments increased. Working students also increased during the pandemic. Advantages of online lectures: a) saving on transportation costs; b) more technology literate; c) cost-effective appearance; d) more independent in learning; e) keep up with the times; f) saving on the cost of renting a boarding room. Constraints of online lectures: a) Inadequate/unstable internet network; b) Difficulty understanding the material; c) Limited quota owned; d) difficult to adjust lecture time; e) the home environment does not support online lectures; f) inadequate gadgets or hardware. The impact of the pandemic on student academic performance: i). from the aspect of the semester achievement index (IPS), in general it increased in all faculties, the average IPS increased from 3.35 to 3.45. ii). From the aspect of learning independence, on average it increased from good enough to good, iii). However, from the aspect of understanding the lecture material, on average there was a decrease from good (scale value 4.09 out of 5) to not good (scale value 2.57 out of 5). Statistical testing also supports a significant difference in student performance between before the Covid19 pandemic and during the Covid19 pandemic. In terms of semester achievement index (IPS) and learning independence, both increased, but in terms of material understanding decreased. There is a discrepancy between the GPA and students' understanding of the course material Keywords: Student activities1, student performance2, covid19 pandemic3, online lectures4, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 5

Rapid digitalization is reshaping labor markets, yet its effects on occupational polarization remain underexplored in emerging economies. This study investigates how internet use and digital technology adoption influence occupational outcomes across low-, middle-, and high-skilled workers in Indonesia while accounting for generational differences. Using nationally representative microdata from the 2024 Indonesian National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) covering 382,920 working-age individuals, this study employs a multinomial logit model with average marginal effects to estimate occupational attainment. The results reveal a clear occupational hollowing-out pattern: digitalization reduces the likelihood of low- and middle-skilled employment while increasing the probability of high-skilled occupations. These effects are more pronounced among Millennials and Generation Z, indicating greater adaptability to digital transformation than older generations. Education, work experience, and job training further promote occupational upgrading, whereas gender disparities and spatial inequalities continue to constrain labor market opportunities. By providing micro-level evidence from an emerging economy, this study extends the literature on digitalization and occupational polarization and highlights the importance of inclusive policies that strengthen digital skills, lifelong learning, and equitable access to opportunities in the digital labor market.

This study analyzes the influence of early marriage rates on poverty levels in Indonesia. Using secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), panel data regression is applied to thirty-four provinces with relatively high poverty and early marriage rates over the 2015–2023 period. The model employs a fixed effect specification and includes economic growth, education level, and unemployment rate as additional explanatory variables. The results show that, simultaneously, economic growth, education level, unemployment rate, and early marriage rate have a significant effect on poverty levels. Partially, economic growth has a positive and significant effect on poverty, indicating that higher economic growth has not yet been accompanied by a reduction in poverty, so that growth is not yet inclusive. Education level has a negative and significant effect on poverty, underscoring the strategic role of education in reducing poverty through improving the quality of human resources. The unemployment rate has a positive and significant effect, meaning that higher unemployment increases the likelihood of poverty. The early marriage rate also has a positive and significant effect, indicating a tendency for early marriage to raise the risk of poverty. The coefficient of determination of 0.98 shows that the variables in the model explain 98 percent of the variation in poverty levels, indicating excellent explanatory power. Overall, the findings confirm that education and unemployment exert a stronger influence on poverty than early marriage, while economic growth has not yet had an inclusive impact on poverty reduction.