Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a ubiquitous chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) in the environment, which is a Group 1 carcinogen with negative impacts on human health and ecosystems. Based on a series of recent advances, the environmental behavior and biodegradation process on TCE biodegradation need to be reviewed systematically. Four main biodegradation processes leading to TCE biodegradation by isolated bacteria and mixed cultures are anaerobic reductive dechlorination, anaerobic cometabolic reductive dichlorination, aerobic co-metabolism, and aerobic direct oxidation. More attention has been paid to the aerobic co-metabolism of TCE. Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that bacterial isolates or mixed cultures containing Dehalococcoides or Dehalogenimonas can catalyze reductive dechlorination of TCE to ethene. The mechanisms, pathways, and enzymes of TCE biodegradation were reviewed, and the factors affecting the biodegradation process were discussed. Besides, the research progress on material-mediated enhanced biodegradation technologies of TCE through the combination of zero-valent iron (ZVI) or biochar with microorganisms was introduced. Furthermore, we reviewed the current research on TCE biodegradation in field applications, and finally provided the development prospects of TCE biodegradation based on the existing challenges. We hope that this review will provide guidance and specific recommendations for future studies on CAHs biodegradation in laboratory and field applications.

Industrial waste lignin can be used as a sustainable resource to prepare carbon materials, which has been considered an important strategy for the substitution of coal-based carbon. However, a review summarizing the design mechanism of heteroatom-doped lignin-derived carbon materials and their application performance is lacking. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress on heteroatom-doped lignin-based carbon applied in energy storage applications such as batteries and capacitors, environmental fields such as removing contaminants from the air and water, substance testing for iron/chromium ions, and catalysis. More importantly, we present a critical discussion with respect to the effect of heteroatom-doping (e.g., N-doping and N/S/O/P co-doping) on the physicochemical properties including the BET area, defect structure, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, electric conductivity, and electron density of lignin-based carbon materials. Particularly, the effects of the above-mentioned properties on the reversible capacity, rate performance, and cycling performance of batteries; the capacitance and energy density of capacitors; and the adsorption capacity of lignin-based carbonaceous adsorbents for the removal of pollutants are concluded. Finally, we propose the future perspective and challenges in applying lignin-based carbon materials in energy storage and environmental fields.