Post-Fordist employment is characterised by the demand for new forms of labour in which workers are expected to make personal investments in their work and to mobilise their embodied subjectivities in the practice of labour. Whilst employment insecurity is well documented in the sociology of youth, theoretical development in this area has yet to contend with the role of changes in the nature of labour itself in the production of youth. This paper draws on theories of labour under post-Fordism to explore the practice of ‘affective labour’ amongst young people performing ‘front of house’ bar work in a large metropolitan service economy. The paper theorises the role of youth subjectivities – including capacities for relationality and leisure, gendered embodiment, and tastes – in the practice of contemporary labour. The paper describes how young people doing bar work contribute to the production of affective atmospheres, or sensations of ease, pleasure and enjoyment that are offered to clientele of boutique bars. In this, we suggest that affective labour mobilises young subjectivities at work in ways that are currently unrecognised within youth studies. The paper concludes by suggesting a new research agenda that goes beyond the existing focus on youth transitions through employment to explore how youth is produced as part of the social dynamics of post-Fordist labour.
Wellbeing is a loaded term in youth sociology, due to its associations with individualising narratives which call on young people to manage the effects of structural disadvantage or hardship through personal practices such as ‘cultivating resilience’. This article extends relational approaches in youth sociology to develop an understanding of wellbeing as assembled and patterned by the diverse socio-material conditions of young people’s lives, including stress, abuse, trauma, financial hardship, friendships, families, work, study, and landscapes. I draw on case study examples and photographic images from a study of young people’s ‘everyday embodiments’ to illustrate the rich, non-individual and more-than-human dynamics by which wellbeing assembles. This conceptualisation may be useful for scholars of youth who take a critical view of the traditionally individualised and psychologised remit of ‘wellbeing’, and wish to thoroughly interrogate the socio-material and affective dynamics which mediate the conditions of possibility in young people’s lives. The reframing of wellbeing along embodied and affective lines contributes new understandings of the ways structural circumstances and events in young people’s lives reverberate in the body and mediate how the world is experienced, and the possibilities for living which result.
This article draws on examples from a study of the impacts of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) shutdowns on young hospitality workers in Melbourne and Newcastle, Australia, in May and June of 2020. We explore how existing vulnerabilities related to gender, migrant status, and precarious hospitality work were intensified by the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic for young women international students in our study. The international students we discuss were exposed to extreme financial precarity, which rendered them vulnerable to other gendered forms of risk and exploitation, including taking part in experimental drug trails and having to take off‐the‐books cleaning work for a “creep.” These students described feeling “unwelcome” or “unwanted” through open racial discrimination, or comments from the Prime Minister that international students should “go home.” We take an embodied intersectional approach to detail how existing conditions of marginality such as gender, migrant status, economic vulnerability, and precarious conditions of hospitality labor are compounded in the pandemic and exacerbate inequalities, manifesting in increased threats to physical safety and wellbeing.
This article explores the ways that gender, sexuality, pleasure, and risk are entangled in affective labour and the production of value in ‘front of house’ bar work. Through their work as bar staff at ‘hip’ inner-city Melbourne venues, the young women we discuss produce affects in the form of a ‘vibe’ of relaxation, fun, pleasure, and release. We address McRobbie’s call for the ‘actual working practices’ which comprise affective labour to be explored and highlight the ways gender relations including the heterosexual matrix of desire are mobilised in the production of value in young women’s bar work. We discuss the tensions at play in this context where women are required to generate both a positive and a pleasurable feeling in their interactions with others while negotiating the complex politics of heterosexual desire while at work, including managing and negotiating harassment from male customers. This management requires complex sensate and embodied practices that are both conscious and unconscious (described, for example, as an ‘instinct’), involving constantly ‘scanning’ and ‘reading the crowd’ and monitoring their own embodied and affective responses to particular men while they carry on other conversations or pour drinks. We argue it is critical to study the ‘actual working practices’ which comprise affective labour in order to expose the ways relations of inequality can be mobilised in the production of value in this context.
This paper examines contemporary gender relations among young people by taking young men’s experiences with and understandings of “sexting” as a case in point. Based on a focus group study with university undergraduate men in Melbourne, Australia, we analyse what is seen as having value and what is seen as constituting a risk when engaging in sexting, and how this is perceived as different for men and women. We demonstrate how value and risk are closely intertwined in the focus group discussions and how the body is central in the production and negotiation of both these dimensions. This is made particularly clear in the two ‘figures’ that participants described as embodying the perceived risks; “the creep” and “the slut”. This paper illustrates the w ays gendered bodies and sexual value are central to the ways ‘double standards’ operate in sexting and persist in contemporary gender relations.
The body’s active role in the production of gendered embodiments is a key focus for feminist cultural studies and leisure studies. The article draws on new materialist feminist scholarship to explore how gender relations are produced and negotiated in physical culture through one case study example taken from a wider study of young people’s experiences of the body and self-image over time. The article explores how gendered embodiment is assembled through the socio-material circumstances of everyday life. For one particiapnt, 'Ann', “creating distance” from appearance concerns was an embodied process which involved new practices and encounters (e.g., walking for leisure, reading feminist literature) and relationships and engagements with others (e.g., a partner, friends, family). The potential for feminism to open possibilities to imagine the body otherwise is also discussed in relation to recent efforts to foster social justice imperatives in leisure sciences and feminist physical cultural studies.