The Tibetan Plateau is known as the core area of the third pole of the Earth and is a key area for global climate change research. This study uses the Zabuye Salt Lake travertine dam as the research object and U–Th dating as the chronological framework and proposes that the carbon and oxygen isotopes of travertine can be used as a precipitation index through the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of spring water, and petrology, mineralogy, carbon and oxygen isotopes of travertine. The precipitation records of Zabuye Salt Lake over the last 800 years show a dry condition in 1191–1374 AD (Medieval Warm Period), a humid condition in 1374–1884 AD (Little Ice Age), and a dry condition in 1884–1982 AD (Current Warn Period), indicating a warm–dry/cold–moist climate pattern, which is consistent with precipitation records from many places on the Tibetan Plateau. We preliminarily point out that travertine can record the evolution of paleoprecipitation (paleomonsoon) at least on the decadal–centennial scale. The Indian summer monsoon has been the main factor influencing precipitation change in Zabuye Salt Lake over the past 800 years, and the change in evapotranspiration intensity caused by temperature change driven by solar radiation is also an important factor affecting dry–moist change.

Post-collisional potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks are widely developed in the Lhasa block, Qinghai-Tibet region. In this paper, it was observed for the first time that dilute alkali elements–Li, Rb, and Cs–exhibit supernormal enrichment in the research data of numerous potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block. At the same time, there are few studies on the genesis of enrichment. Currently, 568 sets of published volcanic rock data and 8 sets of measured data in the Lhasa block are sorted in detail, and the genesis of dilute alkali element enrichment is explained by means of geochemical research methods. It is believed that the high degree of magmatic fractionation of potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block is the main reason for the abnormal enrichment of dilute alkali elements such as Li, Rb, and Cs. The abnormal enrichment area is mainly located in the central and western parts of the Lhasa block with an age range of 25–13 Ma. The discrimination range of Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta with a high degree of differentiation of potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block is divided by analogy with the research results of highly fractionated granites, which provides a reference for the study of the supernormal enrichment of dilute alkali elements in potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in this area.