Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious global public health problem. It is estimated that 2% to 3% of the world’s population is infected with the virus. It was found that chronic hepatitis C is an independent predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Infection with HCV or the inflammatory response to HCV infection likely contributes to the development of insulin resistance (IR), which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the long term. This study aimed to assess the insulin resistance in hepatitis C and its correlation with various metabolic parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in North India in the Department of Internal Medicine with hepatitis C-positive patients attending an out-patient or in-patient department. We took a total of 100 patients aged > 18 years and divided them into two groups: Group A with hepatitis C (cases) and Group B without hepatitis C (controls). There were a total of 50 hepatitis C patients and 50 patients without hepatitis C. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the present study after obtaining informed consent. There was a significantly higher level of serum ferritin and insulin in group A patients than group B patients. There was a positive correlation of insulin resistance with the serum insulin, ferritin levels, cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride level and a negative correlation with the serum HDL level. The incidence of insulin resistance was positively correlated with changes in fibrosis in the liver due to the hepatitis C infection. Conclusions: From our study, we found that there is an increased incidence of insulin resistance in the patients with hepatitis-C infection, and insulin resistance is associated with the presence of altered hepatic function test results.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also known as insulin resistance syndrome, is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, or insulin resistance. MetS is one of the most serious public health problems being faced globally. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine its prevalence, as well as the relationship between blood adiponectin levels and the development of MetS. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional hospital-based study was performed in the Department of General Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January 2019–June 2020. Sixty patients attending the medicine out- or inpatient department, who confirmed consent, and fit into the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) inclusion criteria for MetS, were recruited for this study. The final sample size for this study was found to be 60, with a prevalence of 10%. This is the reason the study’s precision decreased to ±7.6%, implying that the precision of the end result may vary by ±7.6%. Results: Subjects without MetS were on average younger, had a lower BMI, and had a smaller waist circumference than those who had MetS, according to the findings. They also had lower blood pressure, pulse rate, and fasting plasma glucose levels than the people with MetS, and there were statistically significant variations in lipid profiles between those with and without MetS. In people who did not have MetS, the mean serum adiponectin concentration was 15.79±2.90 mg/mL, whereas the mean serum adiponectin concentration in people who did have MetS was 11.02±2.63 mg/mL (p<0.001). The levels of adiponectin were compared with the different components of MetS as defined by the IDF. The mean adiponectin concentrations in connection to the clinical characteristics of MetS are shown in Table 1 . The authors discovered that lower adiponectin levels were statistically significantly linked with the majority of the characteristics. In a multivariate analysis, the serum adiponectin content was found to be significantly inversely associated to systolic blood pressure (r=-0.262; p<0.050), BMI (r=-0.288; p<0.050), total cholesterol (r=-0.515; p<0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (r=-0.305; p<0.050) in the study participants. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present results suggest that circulating levels of adiponectin are reduced in the presence of MetS.

Background: The activity level of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as it is now called, is considered low. Despite early preventive lockdown measures and a massive vaccination drive, almost the entire adult population in India will have been vaccinated at least once by the beginning of 2022 (2,072,946,593 till 11 August 2022). There is still concern about a pan-India outbreak and threat due to newly emerging pathogenic strains. The goal of this study is to find out how common various presenting complaints are in COVID-19 patients as well as how comorbidities affect the severity of the illness. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021 at a tertiary care hospital's department of internal medicine in North India. The study included 237 patients who were COVID-19-positive and were admitted to our hospital after providing informed consent. They were classified into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe. Results: Fever was the most common presenting symptom, affecting 84.4% of the population, while diarrhoea was the least common, affecting only 3.4% of the population. Fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and breathlessness were significantly correlated with the severity of the illness. Gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhoea did not have any significant correlation with the severity of the illness. The severity of illness was statistically related to comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusion: Males were more likely to develop more serious illnesses. However, the correlation was not statistically significant. The number of comorbid conditions and the severity of the illness were found to have a fair and significant relationship. None of the diarrhoea symptoms were related to the severity of the illness.