There are various language adaptations of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In order to comply with the changes in DSM classification, the Spanish edition of the interview was in need of update and evaluation. K-SADS-PL was adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. All clinicians received training, and a 90% agreement was reached. Patients and their parents or guardians were interviewed and videotaped, and the videos were exchanged between raters. Factor analysis was performed and inter-rater reliability was calculated only in the case of diagnoses in which there were more than five patients. A total of 74 subjects were included. The Factor Analysis yielded six factors (Depressive, Stress Hyperarousal, Disruptive Behavioral, Irritable Explosive, Obsessive Repetitive and Encopresis), representing 72% of the variance. Kappa values for inter-rater agreement were larger than 0.7 for over half of the disorders. The factor structure of diagnoses, made with the instrument was found to correspond to the DSM-5 disorder organization. The instrument showed good construct validity and inter-rater reliability, which makes it a useful tool for clinical research studies in children and adolescents.

Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia solium, a parasitic disease that affects humans and rurally bred pigs in developing countries. The cysticercus may localize in the central nervous system of the human, causing neurocysticercosis, the most severe and frequent form of the disease. There appears to be an association between the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and domestic pigs that wander freely and have access to human feces. In order to assess whether the risk of cysticercosis infection is clustered or widely dispersed in a limited rural area, a spatial analysis of rural porcine cysticercosis was applied to 13 villages of the Sierra de Huautla in Central Mexico. Clustering of cases in specific households would indicate tapeworm carriers in the vicinity, whereas their dispersal would suggest that the ambulatory habits of both humans and pigs contribute to the spread of cysticercosis. A total of 562 pigs were included in this study (August–December 2003). A global positioning system was employed in order to plot the geographic distribution of both cysticercotic pigs and risk factors for infection within the villages. Prevalence of pig tongue cysticercosis varied significantly in sampled villages (p = 0.003), ranging from 0% to 33.3% and averaging 13.3%. Pigs were clustered in households, but no differences in the clustering of cysticercotic and healthy pigs were found. In contrast, the presence of pigs roaming freely and drinking stagnant water correlated significantly with porcine cysticercosis (p = 0.07), as did the absence of latrines (p = 0.0008). High prevalence of porcine cysticercosis proves that transmission is still quite common in rural Mexico. The lack of significant differentiation in the geographical clustering of healthy and cysticercotic pigs weakens the argument that focal factors (e.g., household location of putative tapeworm carriers) play an important role in increasing the risk of cysticercosis transmission in pigs. Instead, it would appear that other wide-ranging biological, physical, and cultural factors determine the geographic spread of the disease. Extensive geographic dispersal of the risk of cysticercosis makes it imperative that control measures be applied indiscriminately to all pigs and humans living in this endemic area. Taenia solium cysticercosis is a parasitic disease that severely affects human health in underdeveloped countries and has re-emerged in North America. The adult parasite lives in the intestines of humans, where it thrives and sheds packages (proglottids) loaded with thousands of eggs that are, in turn, expelled upon defecation. Cysticercosis occurs after tapeworm eggs are ingested by an intermediate host (pig or human) and then hatch, migrate, and lodge in the host's tissues, where they develop onto larval cysticerci. Deficient hygiene, inadequate feces disposal, outdoor defecation, freely roaming pigs, and inadequate meat inspection promote transmission. Success in lowering transmission is limited by the complex network of biological and social factors that maintain the endemia. Effective control will require social development and powerful, sustained interventions targeted at the transmission cycle's crucial nodes. Rural pigs are obligate intermediate hosts and thus prime targets for control through vaccination and treatment. It has been proposed that pigs be used as sentinels to monitor environmental T. solium contamination. We conducted a spatial study of cysticercotic pigs among 13 neighboring villages in rural Central Mexico, constituting the first step of an attempt to discover a cost-effective and accurately targeted control intervention. Cysticercotic pigs were not found clustered in specific households, suggesting that the risk of infection is widely dispersed in the area and indicating that extensive and inclusive control measures are needed.

Objectives: To review neurological complications after the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, highlighting the clinical differences between patients with post‐vaccine or viral infection.Design: A search on Medline, Ovid, EMBASE, and PubMed databases using the keywords “neurological complications of Influenza AH1N1” or “post‐vaccine Influenza AH1N1.”Setting: Only papers written in English, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, and Italian published from March 2009 to December 2012 were included.Sample: We included 104 articles presenting a total of 1636 patient cases. In addition, two cases of influenza vaccine‐related neurological events from our neurological care center, arising during the period of study, were also included.Main outcome measures: Demographic data and clinical diagnosis of neurological complications and outcomes: death, neurological sequelae or recovery after influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 vaccine or infection.Results: The retrieved cases were divided into two groups: the post‐vaccination group, with 287 patients, and the viral infection group, with 1349 patients. Most patients in the first group were adults. The main neurological complications were Guillain‐Barre syndrome (GBS) or polyneuropathy (125), and seizures (23). All patients survived. Pediatric patients were predominant in the viral infection group. In this group, 60 patients (4.7%) died and 52 (30.1%) developed permanent sequelae. A wide spectrum of neurological complications was observed.Conclusions: Fatal cases and severe, permanent, neurological sequelae were observed in the infection group only. Clinical outcome was more favorable in the post‐vaccination group. In this context, the relevance of an accurate neurological evaluation is demonstrated for all suspicious cases, as well as the need of an appropriate long‐term clinical and imaging follow‐up of infection and post‐vaccination events related to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, to clearly estimate the magnitude of neurological complications leading to permanent disability.

Climate change represents a threat to the future of young people everywhere; from a mental health point of view, emotions such as fear and intense worry can manifest themselves as a construct termed climate anxiety (CA). Using an online survey, we evaluated the general anxiety and CA of a sample of university students [n = 461, 64.5% identified as women; mean age (standard deviation) = 21.4 (1.6)] as well as a diverse set of psychosocial variables (i.e., exposure to social media and news, knowledge about climate change, prosociality, and their disposition to donate to conservation efforts) to obtain a profile of potential measures associated with vulnerability to CA. Using generalized linear models, we found that participants who identified as women, spent more time reading news sites, had more knowledge about climate change, were more prosocial and more willing to donate to conservation efforts had higher CA scores, but not more generalized anxiety. In addition, we found that students whose courses involved information about climate change had higher CA scores. Identifying the characteristics of individuals vulnerable to CA may help address their negative feelings so that they can overcome anxiety and turn to meaningful positive action.