Purpose We aimed to measure the sizes of Schlemm’s canal (SC) and the trabecular meshwork (TM) in healthy individuals and to evaluate variations with age from childhood to old age by using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Anterior chamber angle imaging of the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal regions of the right and left eyes was performed with swept-source OCT. The diameter and area of SC and TM width and thickness were measured manually from OCT images. Results A total of 114 healthy individuals were enrolled and included 48 male subjects and 66 female subjects; their ages ranged from 7 to 83 years. Both the SC diameter and area in the four quadrants decreased significantly with aging (P < 0.001) and were wider in the nasal and temporal quadrants compared with the superior and inferior quadrants. Changes in SC size showed significant positive correlations with axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive association between age and TM thickness in the nasal and temporal quadrants (P < 0.05). The inferior quadrant TM width was the widest among the quadrants. The superior quadrant TM thickness was the thinnest among the quadrants. Changes in TM thickness in the nasal and temporal quadrants showed a significant negative correlation with AL (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation in SC and TM parameters with central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, sex, or right or left eye (P > 0.05). Conclusions With aging, the SC diameter and area became smaller, TM thickness increased, and TM width seemed to remain constant. Measurements of the sizes of SC and the TM with swept-source OCT could assist in clinical assessments and treatment planning for glaucoma.

Purpose: Myopes have a higher risk for open‐angle glaucoma; however, the reason is not clear. This study aims to explore the morphologic alterations of Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork size in highly myopic eyes. Methods: Forty myopic eyes from 40 patients with high myopia and 40 control eyes from 40 subjects with low myopia, emmetropia or low hyperopia were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to image Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork size. The correlations between the morphological alterations of Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork, spherical equivalent refractive error, axial length, and intraocular pressure were analysed. Results: Subjects with high myopia had a significantly larger Schlemm's canal diameter in the nasal (188.1 ± 85.6 μm vs 127.4 ± 46.7 μm, P < 0.001), temporal (200.1 ± 7.2 μm vs 147.6 ± 68.1 μm, P = 0.001) quadrants and average value (173.1 ± 48.1 μm vs 137.3 ± 39.6 μm, P = 0.001), and larger Schlemm's canal area in the nasal (7333.2 ± 3877.7 μm ² vs 3833.2 ± 2094.7 μm ² , P < 0.001), temporal (7274.8 ± 3247.4 μm ² vs 4631.1 ± 2431.9 μm ² , P < 0.001) inferior (5512 ± 2504.9 μm ² vs 3922.6 ± 1935.6 μm ² , P = 0.003) quadrants and average value(6165.4 ± 2080.5 μm ² vs 4044.4 ± 1581.1 μm ² , P < 0.001). In the high myopia group, trabecular meshwork thickness of the nasal and temporal quadrants was significantly smaller (108.8 ± 31.6 μm vs 126 ± 42.2 μm, P = 0.045; 100.5 ± 15.4 μm vs 118.4 ± 26.8 μm, P = 0.001, respectively) compared with the control group, as well as the average value (106.4 ± 16.5 μm vs 120.9 ± 23.5 μm, P = 0.002). In the high myopia group, Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork size were not correlated with spherical equivalent refractive error and axial length ( P > 0.05), while Schlemm's canal area showed a significant negative correlation with intraocular pressure ( r = −0.33, P = 0.039). Conclusions: This study reports for the first time that eyes with high myopia have a larger Schlemm's canal diameter and area, as well as decreased trabecular meshwork thickness, which may help to understand the close association between high myopia and open‐angle glaucoma. Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork analysis by OCT images may help to characterise the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involved in high myopia.

In the field of eye health, the profound impact of exercise and physical activity on various ocular diseases has become a focal point of attention. This review summarizes and elucidates the positive effects of exercise and physical activities on common ocular diseases, including dry eye disease (DED), cataracts, myopia, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It also catalogues and offers exercise recommendations based on the varying impacts that different types and intensities of physical activities may have on specific eye conditions. Beyond correlations, this review also compiles potential mechanisms through which exercise and physical activity beneficially affect eye health. From mitigating ocular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, reducing intraocular pressure, enhancing mitochondrial function, to promoting ocular blood circulation and the release of protective factors, the complex biological effects triggered by exercise and physical activities reveal their substantial potential in preventing and even assisting in the treatment of ocular diseases. This review aims not only to foster awareness and appreciation for how exercise and physical activity can improve eye health but also to serve as a catalyst for further exploration into the specific mechanisms and key targets through which exercise impacts ocular health. Such inquiries are crucial for advancing innovative strategies for the treatment of eye diseases, thereby holding significant implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

To quantitatively analyze changes in the inner components of the human crystalline lens during accommodation in adults. Eyes of 23 subjects were sequentially examined using CASIA2 Optical Coherence Tomography under 0D, − 3D and − 6D accommodation states. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior and posterior crystalline lens radius of the curvature (ALRC and PLRC) were obtained using built-in software. The lens thickness (LT), lenticular nucleus thickness (NT), anterior cortex thickness (ACT), posterior cortex thickness (PCT), anterior and posterior lenticular nucleus radius of the curvature (ANRC and PNRC), anterior and posterior lenticular nucleus vertex (ANV and PNV) were quantified manually with the Image-pro plus software. During accommodation, the ACD became significantly shallower and LT significantly increased. For changes in the lens, the ALRC decreased by an average magnitude (related to accommodative stimuli) 0.44 mm/D, and PLRC decreased 0.09 mm/D. There was no difference for the ACT and PCT in different accommodation states. For lenticular nucleus response, NT increased on average by 30 μm/D. Both the ANRC and PNRC decreased on average by 212 μm/D and 115 μm/D respectively. The ANV moved forward on average by 0.07 mm under − 3D accommodative stimuli and 0.16 mm for − 6D. However, there was no statistically significant difference between different accommodation states in the PNV movement. Under accommodation stimulation, lens thickness changed mainly due to the lenticular nucleus, but not the cortex. For the lenticular nucleus, both the ANRC and PNRC decreased and ANRC changed the most. The anterior surface of the nucleus moved forward while the posterior surface of the nucleus moved backward but only slightly.