Poor glycaemic control is associated with chronic life-threatening complications. This cross-sectional study examined whether there is an association between handgrip strength and glycaemic control among patients with diabetes. Data on 1058 participants aged 40 and older were collected from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). Muscle strength was assessed using a handgrip dynamometer, and glycaemic control was assessed using HbA1c. Handgrip strength was presented as age- and gender-specific quartiles, with participants in quartile 1 having the lowest handgrip strength and participants in quartile 4 having the highest handgrip strength. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between handgrip strength and poor glycaemic control among participants with diabetes. Three models, each adjusted to include different variables, were employed. Odds ratio (OR) values revealed no association between handgrip strength and glycaemic control after adjusting for age, gender, and race in model 1. With further adjustment for sedentary activity, income-to-poverty ratio, education, and smoking, patients in quartile 4 of handgrip strength had 0.51 odds of poor glycaemic control (95% CI: 0.27–0.99). However, the reported association above vanished when further adjusted for insulin use (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.35–1.28). In conclusion, findings may indicate an association between glycaemic control and muscle strength. This association may be altered by insulin use; further investigations are required.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychological condition that may develop in certain individuals following exposure to life-threatening or traumatic events. Distressing symptoms, including flashbacks, are characterized by disrupted stress responses, fear, anxiety, avoidance tendencies, and disturbances in sleep patterns. The enduring effects of PTSD can profoundly impact personal and familial relationships, as well as social, medical, and financial stability. The prevalence of PTSD varies among different populations and is influenced by the nature of the traumatic event. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as a valuable model organism in studying various conditions and disorders. Zebrafish display robust behavioral patterns that can be effectively quantified using advanced video-tracking tools. Due to their relatively simple nervous system compared to humans, zebrafish are particularly well suited for behavioral investigations. These unique characteristics make zebrafish an appealing model for exploring the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms that govern behavior, thus offering a powerful comparative platform for gaining deeper insights into PTSD. This review article aims to provide updates on the pathophysiology of PTSD and the genetic responses associated with psychological stress. Additionally, it highlights the significance of zebrafish behavior as a valuable tool for comprehending PTSD better. By leveraging zebrafish as a model organism, researchers can potentially uncover novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of PTSD and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this complex condition.

Breast cancer is a widespread and aggressive disease, with 2.3 million new cases globally in 2022. Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, remains a leading cause of breast cancer-related mortality. Current treatment options, particularly traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, are often associated with severe side effects, emphasizing the urgent need for safer and more effective therapeutic alternatives. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents one of the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors (ER), receptors (PR), and HER2 expression. The human TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231, was selected in this study due to its aggressive, metastatic phenotype and its well-established use in zebrafish xenograft models. This makes it a highly relevant platform for preliminary in vivo evaluation of novel plant-derived compounds, particularly those targeting hard-to-treat breast cancer subtypes such as TNBC. Elaeagnus angustifolia (EA), commonly known as Russian olive, has attracted interest for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, its potential anticancer activity, especially against TNBC, remains relatively unexplored. This research investigated the efficacy of EA extract against MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells using a wild-type AB zebrafish model. A key objective was to evaluate the toxicological profile of EA across multiple physiological parameters in zebrafish, including developmental, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and hepatic functions. The study identified safe, non-toxic concentrations of EA extract (0.5 mg/mL and 0.75 mg/mL). Moreover, treatment with EA in zebrafish xenografts led to a dose-dependent reduction in fluorescence intensity of injected TNBC cells, suggesting suppression of tumor cell proliferation and survival.. These findings suggest that EA warrant further investigation as a potential anticancer agent for TNBC. The observed safety profile and preliminary anti-tumor effects in zebrafish provide a foundation for future mechanistic and mammalian studies.

Background: Cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain major global health challenges. Incretin‐based therapies, including the GLP‐1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide, and the dual GIP/GLP‐1 receptor agonist tirzepatide, are increasingly used to address hyperglycaemia and obesity, and have been evaluated for both cardiometabolic risk markers and selected cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Objective: This review summarizes and contrasts the pharmacology of semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide, distinguishing between surrogate cardiometabolic risk markers (e.g., glycaemic control, body weight and lipid parameters) and confirmed clinical outcomes, including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and renal endpoints. Methods: Recent data were synthesized from pivotal randomized clinical trial programs, SUSTAIN and PIONEER (semaglutide), LEADER (liraglutide) and SURPASS and SURMOUNT (tirzepatide), as well as meta‐analyses, post hoc analyses and observational studies addressing mechanistic and long‐term cardiometabolic outcomes. Results: All three agents improved HbA1c, weight and cardiometabolic outcomes, with tirzepatide generally showing greater reductions across clinical trials. Semaglutide and liraglutide consistently improved BMI, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk, while tirzepatide shows promise pending CVOT data. Renal outcomes were favourable across the class, though results varied by baseline characteristics and trial design. Conclusion: Semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide are key therapies for type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Tirzepatide's dual activity may enhance metabolic and lipid outcomes, while semaglutide and liraglutide have strong evidence for cardiovascular and renal safety. However, comparisons are based on indirect evidence and should be interpreted cautiously.