Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production industry, now producing 50% of all food fish. However, aquaculture feeds remain dependent on fishmeal derived from capture fisheries, which must be reduced for continued sustainable growth. Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) efficiently yield biomass from wastewater with high product homogeneity, a relatively high protein fraction, and potential added value as an ingredient for fish feeds. Here we test bulk replacement of fishmeal with PPB microbial biomass in diets for Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer), a high value carnivorous fish with high protein to energy requirement. Mixed culture PPB were grown in a novel 1 m3 attached photo-biofilm process using synthetic and real wastewater. Four experimental diets were formulated to commercial specifications but with the fishmeal substituted (0%, 33%, 66%, and 100%) with the synthetic grown PPB biomass and fed to a cohort of 540 juvenile fish divided amongst 12 tanks over 47 days. Weight and standard length were taken from individual fish at 18, 28, and 47d. No significant difference in survival was observed due to diet or other factors (94-100%). There was a negative correlation between PPB inclusion level and final weight (p = 5.94 × 10-5) with diet accounting for 4.1% of the variance over the trial (general linear model, R2 = 0.96, p = 1 × 10-6). Feed conversion ratio was also significantly influenced by diet (p = 6 × 10-7) with this factor accounting for 89% of variance. Specifically, feed conversion ratio (FCR) rose to 1.5 for the 100% replacement diet during the last sample period, approximately 1.0 for the partial replacement, and 0.8 for the nil replacement diet. However, this study demonstrates that bulk replacement of fishmeal by PPB is feasible, and commercially viable at 33% and 66% replacement.

An experiment was conducted with barramundi (Lates calcarifer) juveniles to examine the marginal efficiency of utilisation of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). A series of five diets with blends of fish (anchovy) oil and poultry fat (F100:P0, F60:P40, F30:P70, F15:P85, F0:P100) were fed to 208. ±. 4.1. g fish over a 12-week period. The replacement of fish oil with poultry fat had no impact on growth performance (average final weight of 548.3. ±. 10.2. g) or feed conversion (mean = 1.14. ±. 0.02). Analysis of the whole body composition showed that the fatty acid profile reflected that of the fed diet. However it was also shown that there was a disproportional retention of some fatty acids relative to others (notably LOA, 18:2n-6 and LNA, 18:3n-3). By examining the body mass independent retention of different fatty acids with differential levels of intake of each, the marginal efficiencies of the use of these nutrients by this species were able to be determined. The differential retention of fatty acids in the meat was also examined allowing the determination of oil blending strategies to optimise meat n-3 LC-PUFA levels

To sustain the expanding volume of aquaculture production, there is significant demand for an affordable supply of energy and nutrients to aquatic species. High‐quality feed is essential to ensure the productivity, sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture systems. Over the past 30–40 years, extrusion technology has emerged as an efficient method to produce high‐quality feed with enhanced functional attributes, such as digestibility, palatability, buoyancy and water stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art in aquafeed extrusion, highlighting the mechanisms underpinning extrusion technology, challenges for industrial production and future opportunities in this field. Through bibliometric analysis, we examine the evolution of aquaculture feeding techniques and their impact on feed quality and fish growth performance. Comparisons between pelletised and extruded feeds highlight advancements in extrusion methods, which offer superior nutrient retention and feed conversion efficiency. We elucidate the scientific principles of feed extrusion, including the effects of temperature, moisture and mechanical energy on feed properties. Despite significant progress, key challenges remain for the production of extruded feed, such as ingredient variability, operational complexity, diverse product requirements and waste management. Conversely, we explore opportunities for extrusion technology, emphasising predictive characterisation, extrusion modelling, and AI‐driven quality control. The review concludes with a perspective of the industrial context, discussing the commercial drivers for aquafeed milling, insights from industry stakeholders and future directions for commercial research and development. This review offers researchers, technologists and industry stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape, challenges and future prospects for extruded aquafeed production.