Medical education marks a considerable stage in its development, significantly affected by the global Covid-19 pandemic. The introduction of e-learning added new dimensions to the traditional educational process. The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of digital teacher-student interaction during e-learning. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 249 university lecturers from two medical universities. The obtained results outlined the shortcomings of online learning, such as the weakening of the teacher-student relationship, the presence of passive participation and weaker responsibility on the part of students in the conducted classes. Positive attitude towards e-learning was shared mainly by lecturers holding higher academic positions, such as 'associate professor' and 'professor', as well as those working in the theoretical educational units, compared to the pre-clinical and clinical departments. Effective interaction between teachers and students is an essential aspect of the quality of the educational process and remains a topical issue in the context of continuing distance learning in medical universities

Patient safety culture is a key component of the organizational culture and a critical measure of the quality of healthcare. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the problems concerning patient safety culture, based on the analysis of data, collected after interviewing healthcare specialists working in surgical and nonsurgical units in selected Bulgarian hospitals. This was a cross-sectional online study using a web-platform and the Bulgarian Version of Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. It was conducted among healthcare workers (n = 620) in 2021. The B-HSOPSC incudes 42 scales grouped in 12 different domains. We compared the percentage of positive ratings and outcome dimensions between surgical and other hospital departments with the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test, χ² tests, Fisher’s Exact Test, and OR. The results showed that there are no statistically significant differences between the ratings on Patient Safety Culture given by the surgical and the nonsurgical staff except for the dimension “Hospital management support for patient safety”. Results from the study highlighted that the most important aspect of hospital patient safety is the shortage of medical staff in both surgical and nonsurgical hospital units. Communication, work shift organization, handoffs and transitions between shifts and among different hospital units, as well as communication with line managers were rated as satisfactory in Bulgarian hospitals.

Vaccination is a leading strategy for the prevention and control of individual and public health in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose: This study aims to investigate and analyze the attitudes toward vaccination and the factors conditioning hesitancy about the vaccine´s prevention of COVID-19 among three target groups: students, parents and teachers. Materials and methods: An online anonymous survey was conducted among 228 participants - students in 11th and 12th grade at two language high schools in the city of Plovdiv (n=114), teachers (n=44) and parents (n=70) in November 2021 Results: Vaccination attitudes were fairly heterogenous, ranging from complete agreement to categorical disagreement in the answers of all three studied groups. The prevailing opinion among parents is that vaccination has no absolute protective effect regarding the risk of infection with COVID-19. Both parents and teachers, as well as students, strongly object to mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. An important factor influencing the hesitancy of vaccine prevention is the concern of whether the new vaccines are harmless and effective. Negative expectations of possible adverse reactions to the administered vaccines are shared among half of the students and a significant part of the studied group of parents and teachers. Conclusions: Established factors influencing vaccine hesitancy should be considered when conducting future vaccination trial campaigns for immunoprophylaxis among adolescents.