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Aluminum coatings applied to polymer films by physical vapor deposition should be defect-free for applications such as packaging and electronic devices. However, cracks can appear in the aluminum coating as the polymer film stretches, becoming manifest as an increase in resistance. We evaluated the effect of different aluminum thicknesses (10–85 nm), polymer films (polyethylene terephthalate or polypropylene), and corona doses (0–280 W∙min/m2) on the relative increase in resistance during stretching (strain = 0–100%). We found that the thickness of the aluminum coating was inversely related to the increase in resistance. Corona pretreatment led to an increase in surface energy (≤40 mN/m for polypropylene; ≤50 mN/m for polyethylene terephthalate) although high corona doses resulted in overtreatment, which limited the adhesion of aluminum to the substrate and led to a greater increase in resistance. Varying the coating thickness had a much greater effect than the corona pretreatment, suggesting that thicker aluminum coatings are more effective than corona pretreatment as a strategy to increase coating stability. The effect of aluminum thickness and strain on resistance was described using a fit function containing three fit factors.
Martina Lindner. Effect of Substrate Strain, Aluminum Thickness and Corona Pretreatment on the Electrical Resistance of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings. Coatings 2020, 10, 1245 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner. Effect of Substrate Strain, Aluminum Thickness and Corona Pretreatment on the Electrical Resistance of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings. Coatings. 2020; 10 (12):1245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner. 2020. "Effect of Substrate Strain, Aluminum Thickness and Corona Pretreatment on the Electrical Resistance of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 12: 1245.
Potato peel is a by‐product of potato‐based food production and seen as a zero‐ or negative‐value waste of which millions of tons are produced every year. Previous studies showed that potato peel is a potential material for film development when plasticized with 10% to 50% glycerol (w/w potato peel). To further investigate potato peel as a film‐forming material, potato peel‐based films containing the plasticizer sorbitol were prepared and investigated on their physicochemical properties in addition to films containing glycerol. Due to sufficient producibility and handling of casted films in preliminary trials, potato peel‐based films containing 50%, 60%, or 70% glycerol (w/w potato peel) and films containing 90%, 100%, or 110% sorbitol (w/w potato peel) were prepared in this study. Generally, with increasing plasticizer concentration, water vapor and oxygen permeability of the films increased. Films containing glycerol showed higher water vapor and oxygen permeabilities than films containing sorbitol. Young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased with increasing sorbitol concentration, whereas no significant effect of plasticizer content on elongation at break was shown in films containing glycerol. Due to crystallization of films containing sorbitol as a plasticizer, potato peel‐based films containing 50% glycerol (w/w) were identified as the most promising films, characterized by a water vapor transmission rate of 268 g 100 μm m−2 d−1 and an oxygen permeability of 4 cm3 100 μm m−2 d−1 bar−1. Therefore, potato peel‐based cast films in this study showed comparable tensile properties with those of potato starch‐based films, comparable water vapor barrier with those of whey protein‐based films, and comparable oxygen barrier with those of polyamide films.
Katharina Miller; Cornelia Silcher; Martina Lindner; Markus Schmid. Effects of glycerol and sorbitol on optical, mechanical, and gas barrier properties of potato peel‐based films. Packaging Technology and Science 2020, 34, 11 -23.
AMA StyleKatharina Miller, Cornelia Silcher, Martina Lindner, Markus Schmid. Effects of glycerol and sorbitol on optical, mechanical, and gas barrier properties of potato peel‐based films. Packaging Technology and Science. 2020; 34 (1):11-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatharina Miller; Cornelia Silcher; Martina Lindner; Markus Schmid. 2020. "Effects of glycerol and sorbitol on optical, mechanical, and gas barrier properties of potato peel‐based films." Packaging Technology and Science 34, no. 1: 11-23.
Chemical grafting with fatty acid chlorides is known to reduce the surface energy of polymer substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different grafting parameters on functional properties such as the surface energy of grafted substrates and adhesion of acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) on those substrates in dependence of storage time. Therefore, two substrates, paper and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), were coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The PVOH showed similar degrees of hydrolysis but different molecular weights. Fatty acid chlorides (palmitoyl chloride, stearoyl chloride) were grafted on pure PET, pure paper, PVOH coated paper, and PVOH coated PET. On these samples, roughness was measured and peel strength and surface energy were determined over storage time. Peel strength was observed to increase with roughness. The chain length of fatty acid chlorides and storage time did not majorly influence peel strength.
Eva Germek; Markus Schmid; Martina Lindner. Grafting of Fatty Acids on Polyvinyl Alcohol: Effects on Surface Energy and Adhesion Strength of Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. Frontiers in Materials 2020, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleEva Germek, Markus Schmid, Martina Lindner. Grafting of Fatty Acids on Polyvinyl Alcohol: Effects on Surface Energy and Adhesion Strength of Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. Frontiers in Materials. 2020; 6 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Germek; Markus Schmid; Martina Lindner. 2020. "Grafting of Fatty Acids on Polyvinyl Alcohol: Effects on Surface Energy and Adhesion Strength of Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives." Frontiers in Materials 6, no. : 1.
Water loss, gain or transfer results in a decline in the overall quality of food. The aim of this study was to form a uniform layer of sodium alginate-based edible coating (1.25% sodium alginate, 2% glycerol, 0.2% sunflower oil, 1% span 80, 0.2% tween 80, (w/w)) and investigate the effects on the water barrier characteristics of fresh-cut cantaloupe and strawberries. To this end, a uniform and continuous edible film formation was achieved (0.187 ± 0.076 mm and 0.235 ± 0.077 mm for cantaloupe and strawberries, respectively) with an additional immersion step into a calcium solution at the very beginning of the coating process. The coating application was effective in significantly reducing the water loss (%) of the cantaloupe pieces. However, no significant effect was observed in water vapor resistance results and weight change measurements in a climate chamber (80%→60% relative humidity (RH) at 10 °C). External packaging conditions (i.e., closed, perforated, and open) were not significantly effective on water activity (aw) values of cantaloupe, but were effective for strawberry values. In general, the coating application promoted the water loss of strawberry samples. Additionally, the water vapor transmission rate of stand-alone films was determined (2131 g·100 µm/(m2·d·bar) under constant environmental conditions (23 °C, 100%→50% RH) due to the ability to also evaluate the efficacy in ideal conditions.
Tugce Senturk Parreidt; Martina Lindner; Isabell Rothkopf; Markus Schmid; Kajetan Müller. The Development of a Uniform Alginate-Based Coating for Cantaloupe and Strawberries and the Characterization of Water Barrier Properties. Foods 2019, 8, 203 .
AMA StyleTugce Senturk Parreidt, Martina Lindner, Isabell Rothkopf, Markus Schmid, Kajetan Müller. The Development of a Uniform Alginate-Based Coating for Cantaloupe and Strawberries and the Characterization of Water Barrier Properties. Foods. 2019; 8 (6):203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTugce Senturk Parreidt; Martina Lindner; Isabell Rothkopf; Markus Schmid; Kajetan Müller. 2019. "The Development of a Uniform Alginate-Based Coating for Cantaloupe and Strawberries and the Characterization of Water Barrier Properties." Foods 8, no. 6: 203.
When aluminum is applied to paper by physical vapor deposition, substrate roughness contributes to the defect density and hygroexpansion can cause defects that impair the aluminum coating. Both effects can manifest as an increase in electrical resistance. We quantified the effect of substrate paper hygroexpansion (0–95% relative humidity) and paper surface roughness on the effective resistivity (ρEFF) of aluminum coatings. To create different degrees of roughness, five different papers were used. Each of them had one pigment coated side and one side without pigment coating. These different rough paper surfaces were pre-coated with ethylene vinyl alcohol co-polymer (EVOH). Hygroexpansion was promoted by pre-coating and increased more when the coating was applied on rough and porous surfaces. Simultaneously, the pre-coating reduced surface roughness; especially porosity. The reduction of porosity decreased effective resistivity (ρEFF). Based on these results, an aluminum thickness of ≥35 nm is recommended to ensure maximum mechanical stability during hygroexpansion in combination with minimum material usage. Moreover, the resistivity did not regain its initial value when the paper substrate shrank during re-drying.
Martina Lindner; Matthias Reinelt; Tobias Gilch; Horst-Christian Langowski. Hygroexpansion, Surface Roughness and Porosity Affect the Electrical Resistance of EVOH-Aluminum- Coated Paper. Coatings 2019, 9, 295 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Matthias Reinelt, Tobias Gilch, Horst-Christian Langowski. Hygroexpansion, Surface Roughness and Porosity Affect the Electrical Resistance of EVOH-Aluminum- Coated Paper. Coatings. 2019; 9 (5):295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Matthias Reinelt; Tobias Gilch; Horst-Christian Langowski. 2019. "Hygroexpansion, Surface Roughness and Porosity Affect the Electrical Resistance of EVOH-Aluminum- Coated Paper." Coatings 9, no. 5: 295.
The authors wish to make the following change to their published paper
Martina Lindner; Markus Schmid. Erratum: Lindner, M. and Schmid, M. Thickness Measurement Methods for Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings in Packaging Applications: A Review. Coatings 2017, 7, 9. Coatings 2019, 9, 38 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Markus Schmid. Erratum: Lindner, M. and Schmid, M. Thickness Measurement Methods for Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings in Packaging Applications: A Review. Coatings 2017, 7, 9. Coatings. 2019; 9 (1):38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Markus Schmid. 2019. "Erratum: Lindner, M. and Schmid, M. Thickness Measurement Methods for Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings in Packaging Applications: A Review. Coatings 2017, 7, 9." Coatings 9, no. 1: 38.
Aluminum coatings, which are applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD), have to be virtually defect-free in barrier applications for the packaging industry. When aluminum is applied to paper, hygroexpansion and substrate roughness can impair the aluminum coating. Neither effect is easy to detect by microscopy, but both can manifest as an increase in electrical resistance. Here, we quantified the effect of substrate paper hygroexpansion and surface roughness on the effective resistivity ρEFF of aluminum coatings. The sheet resistance of aluminum coated onto four different rough paper surfaces was measured via eddy currents at different relative humidity (0%–95%). The mass of aluminum per unit area was determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). We calculated ρEFF based on the measured resistance and aluminum mass per unit area, combined with a value for aluminum density from the literature. The substrate roughness was proportional to ρEFF. Relative humidity correlated with the moisture content of the paper substrate according to the Guggenheim, Anderson, and De Boer (GAB) equation, whereas the moisture content showed a linear correlation with hygroexpansion. At relative humidity of up to 50%, hygroexpansion was linearly correlated with the increase in ρEFF, which is related to the mechanical straining and deformation of aluminum. At higher humidity, aluminum started to crack first on rough substrates and later on smooth substrates. The increase in ρEFF was larger on rough substrates. The findings highlight the need for information about substrate roughness, humidity, and hygroexpansion when eddy current measurement results are compared, and will help to ensure that aluminum coatings, applied by PVD, are defect-free.
Martina Lindner; Julia Heider; Matthias Reinelt; Horst-Christian Langowski. Hygroexpansion and Surface Roughness Cause Defects and Increase the Electrical Resistivity of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings on Paper. Coatings 2019, 9, 33 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Julia Heider, Matthias Reinelt, Horst-Christian Langowski. Hygroexpansion and Surface Roughness Cause Defects and Increase the Electrical Resistivity of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings on Paper. Coatings. 2019; 9 (1):33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Julia Heider; Matthias Reinelt; Horst-Christian Langowski. 2019. "Hygroexpansion and Surface Roughness Cause Defects and Increase the Electrical Resistivity of Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings on Paper." Coatings 9, no. 1: 33.
Owing to a decrease in mineral oil resources, it is crucial to develop packaging materials based on renewable resources. Hence, a water vapor-barrier coating is developed as a natural wax-based dispersion. This dispersion should be stable over the storage time. In this study, the physical stability of a wax-based melt dispersion was analyzed (24 h and 21 days after production), and instability phenomena such as agglomeration, coalescence, and flotation were identified. Furthermore, the inter-correlations among the particle size, viscosity of the continuous phase, physical stability, surfactant chemistry, and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value were characterized. Particle sizes were described by volume/surface mean d3,2, volume moment mean d4,3, and number mean d1,0 diameter, as well as the span of the volume and number distribution. Stability was characterized by the flotation rate, emulsion stability index, and Turbiscan stability index. Coalescence and agglomeration were not observed after the solidification of the wax particles. A significant correlation was observed for the emulsion stability index, with d3,2, and for flotation rate, with d1,0, d4,3, and viscosity as well, with d1,0, d3,2. Surfactants with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values of 11–13.5 seem to be the most suitable for stabilizing candelilla wax-in-water suspensions. Particles were smaller, and wax suspensions were better stabilized using Tween 20 and Span 20, compared with Tween 80 and Span 80.
Martina Lindner; Magdalena Bäumler; Andreas Stäbler. Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions. Coatings 2018, 8, 469 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Magdalena Bäumler, Andreas Stäbler. Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions. Coatings. 2018; 8 (12):469.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Magdalena Bäumler; Andreas Stäbler. 2018. "Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions." Coatings 8, no. 12: 469.
Methods used to determine the aluminum coating thickness on polymer films may not measure the geometrical thickness directly but may instead measure the mass or other properties, thus leading to different thickness values. Common methods include the determination of evaporation rates using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and the quantitative analysis of dissolved aluminum ions by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which provide mass thickness values. Alternatively, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and interference (INT) across the step of a partially removed aluminum layer yield geometrical values, and optical density (OD) and electrical resistance (ER) measure other properties. We compared the ability of these methods to determine the thickness of aluminum coatings applied to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and paper by physical vapor deposition. We measured ER using four-point probes, five-point probes, and eddy currents. ER and OD achieved high precision but low accuracy, showing that the resistivity and absorption coefficients of thin aluminum layers can deviate from bulk constants. When the constant values were adjusted, both methods achieved higher accuracy. ICP-MS and QCM values were similar, when a geometrical model was applied, and in comparison AFM and INT showed low precision but high accuracy. When the aluminum was applied to paper instead of PET, only ICP-MS generated reliable results. In summary, the values derived using these different methods are only in agreement when method-specific constants such as absorption coefficients and resistivity are suitably modified.
Martina Lindner; Florian Höflsauer; Julia Heider; Matthias Reinelt; Horst-Christian Langowski. Comparison of thickness determination methods for physical-vapor-deposited aluminum coatings in packaging applications. Thin Solid Films 2018, 666, 6 -14.
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Florian Höflsauer, Julia Heider, Matthias Reinelt, Horst-Christian Langowski. Comparison of thickness determination methods for physical-vapor-deposited aluminum coatings in packaging applications. Thin Solid Films. 2018; 666 ():6-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Florian Höflsauer; Julia Heider; Matthias Reinelt; Horst-Christian Langowski. 2018. "Comparison of thickness determination methods for physical-vapor-deposited aluminum coatings in packaging applications." Thin Solid Films 666, no. : 6-14.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and starch nanoparticles (SNP) have remarkable physical and mechanical characteristics. These properties particularly facilitate their application as high-performance components of bio-based packaging films as alternatives to fossil-based counterparts. This study demonstrates a time-efficient and resource-saving extraction process of CNC and SNP by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and neutralization. The yields of the hydrolyzed products were 41.4% (CNC) and 32.2% (SNP) after hydrolysis times of 3 h and 120 h, respectively. The nanoparticle dispersions were wet-coated onto poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and paper substrates and were incorporated into starch films. No purification or functionalization of the nanoparticles was performed prior to their application. Techno-functional properties such as the permeability of oxygen and water vapor were determined. The oxygen permeability of 5–9 cm3 (STP) 100 µm m−2 d−1 bar−1 at 50% relative humidity and 23 °C on PLA makes the coatings suitable as oxygen barriers. The method used for the extraction of CNC and SNP contributes to the economic production of these nanomaterials. Further improvements, e.g., lower ion concentration and narrower particle size distribution, to achieve reproducible techno-functional properties are tangible.
Christoph Metzger; Solange Sanahuja; Lisa Behrends; Sven Sängerlaub; Martina Lindner; Heiko Briesen. Efficiently Extracted Cellulose Nanocrystals and Starch Nanoparticles and Techno-Functional Properties of Films Made Thereof. Coatings 2018, 8, 142 .
AMA StyleChristoph Metzger, Solange Sanahuja, Lisa Behrends, Sven Sängerlaub, Martina Lindner, Heiko Briesen. Efficiently Extracted Cellulose Nanocrystals and Starch Nanoparticles and Techno-Functional Properties of Films Made Thereof. Coatings. 2018; 8 (4):142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Metzger; Solange Sanahuja; Lisa Behrends; Sven Sängerlaub; Martina Lindner; Heiko Briesen. 2018. "Efficiently Extracted Cellulose Nanocrystals and Starch Nanoparticles and Techno-Functional Properties of Films Made Thereof." Coatings 8, no. 4: 142.
The aim of this study was to analyze how corona dosages above recommended levels affect film surface energy and hydrophobic recovery of such treated film surfaces as well as laminate bond strength of laminates made of these films. The adhesive for lamination was a polyurethane-adhesive with a dry film thickness of ∼5 µm. Polar and dispersive parts of the surface energy were measured frequently according to DIN 55660-2 (Owens–Wendt–Rabel-and-Kaelble method) for up to 140 days after corona treatment. The corona dosage had a value of up to 280 W min/m2. Laminate bond strength was measured according to DIN 55543-5. The effect of corona treatment was highest for low-density polyethylene (PE-LD) films, mean for biaxial-oriented polypropylene (PP-BO) films, and lowest for biaxial-oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET-BO) films. With increasing storage time, surface energy decreased, as expected. The higher the effect of corona treatment, the faster the polar part of surface energy decreased. At PE-LD, laminate bond strength increased with a higher corona dosage from 0.05 to 8.87 mN/15 mm, whereas at PET-BO and PP-BO laminate bond strength was so high that samples teared before delamination during bond strength testing. By our results is shown that corona dosages above recommended levels resulted in higher laminate bond strength. Only at PP-BO a reduction of laminate bond strength due to “overtreatment” was be observed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45842.
Martina Lindner; Norbert Rodler; Marius Jesdinszki; Markus Schmid; Sven Sängerlaub. Surface energy of corona treated PP, PE and PET films, its alteration as function of storage time and the effect of various corona dosages on their bond strength after lamination. Journal of Polymer Science 2017, 135, 1 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Norbert Rodler, Marius Jesdinszki, Markus Schmid, Sven Sängerlaub. Surface energy of corona treated PP, PE and PET films, its alteration as function of storage time and the effect of various corona dosages on their bond strength after lamination. Journal of Polymer Science. 2017; 135 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Norbert Rodler; Marius Jesdinszki; Markus Schmid; Sven Sängerlaub. 2017. "Surface energy of corona treated PP, PE and PET films, its alteration as function of storage time and the effect of various corona dosages on their bond strength after lamination." Journal of Polymer Science 135, no. 11: 1.
Paper is a widely used packaging material and is nowadays regaining importance, e.g., as bio-based and biodegradable material. Moreover, new technologies such as polymer–fiber composites, printed electronics and the deep drawing of paper are developing. The process stability and also the resulting quality of paper converting processes such as coating, metallization, printing, and the printing of electronics are highly affected by the hygroexpansion of paper. In order to reduce production instability and to choose and develop paper substrates with ideal characteristics, critical parameters need to be known. This paper offers an extensive overview of those parameters, starting at a molecular and microscopic level with the effect of the constituents and morphology of single fibers, before moving on to paper contents, chemical modifications and additives and finally concluding with paper production and fiber network modification. It was found that the major influences are single fiber sorption, inter-fiber contacts, microfibril angle, fiber morphology (length, width, curliness) and fiber orientation. This review gives new ideas and insights for technologists working in research, development and production optimization of paper-based products.
Martina Lindner. Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper. Journal of Materials Science 2017, 53, 1 -26.
AMA StyleMartina Lindner. Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper. Journal of Materials Science. 2017; 53 (1):1-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner. 2017. "Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper." Journal of Materials Science 53, no. 1: 1-26.
For the last decades, nanocomposites materials have been widely studied in the scientific literature as they provide substantial properties enhancements, even at low nanoparticles content. Their performance depends on a number of parameters but the nanoparticles dispersion and distribution state remains the key challenge in order to obtain the full nanocomposites’ potential in terms of, e.g., flame retardance, mechanical, barrier and thermal properties, etc., that would allow extending their use in the industry. While the amount of existing research and indeed review papers regarding the formulation of nanocomposites is already significant, after listing the most common applications, this review focuses more in-depth on the properties and materials of relevance in three target sectors: packaging, solar energy and automotive. In terms of advances in the processing of nanocomposites, this review discusses various enhancement technologies such as the use of ultrasounds for in-process nanoparticles dispersion. In the case of nanocoatings, it describes the different conventionally used processes as well as nanoparticles deposition by electro-hydrodynamic processing. All in all, this review gives the basics both in terms of composition and of processing aspects to reach optimal properties for using nanocomposites in the selected applications. As an outlook, up-to-date nanosafety issues are discussed.
Kerstin Müller; Elodie Bugnicourt; Marcos Latorre; Maria Jorda; Yolanda Echegoyen Sanz; José M. Lagaron; Oliver Miesbauer; Alvise Bianchin; Steve Hankin; Uwe Bölz; Germán Pérez; Marius Jesdinszki; Martina Lindner; Zuzana Scheuerer; Sara Castelló; Markus Schmid. Review on the Processing and Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites and Nanocoatings and Their Applications in the Packaging, Automotive and Solar Energy Fields. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 74 .
AMA StyleKerstin Müller, Elodie Bugnicourt, Marcos Latorre, Maria Jorda, Yolanda Echegoyen Sanz, José M. Lagaron, Oliver Miesbauer, Alvise Bianchin, Steve Hankin, Uwe Bölz, Germán Pérez, Marius Jesdinszki, Martina Lindner, Zuzana Scheuerer, Sara Castelló, Markus Schmid. Review on the Processing and Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites and Nanocoatings and Their Applications in the Packaging, Automotive and Solar Energy Fields. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7 (4):74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKerstin Müller; Elodie Bugnicourt; Marcos Latorre; Maria Jorda; Yolanda Echegoyen Sanz; José M. Lagaron; Oliver Miesbauer; Alvise Bianchin; Steve Hankin; Uwe Bölz; Germán Pérez; Marius Jesdinszki; Martina Lindner; Zuzana Scheuerer; Sara Castelló; Markus Schmid. 2017. "Review on the Processing and Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites and Nanocoatings and Their Applications in the Packaging, Automotive and Solar Energy Fields." Nanomaterials 7, no. 4: 74.
The production of barrier packaging materials, e.g., for food, by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of inorganic coatings such as aluminum on polymer substrates is an established and well understood functionalization technique today. In order to achieve a sufficient barrier against gases, a coating thickness of approximately 40 nm aluminum is necessary. This review provides a holistic overview of relevant methods commonly used in the packaging industry as well as in packaging research for determining the aluminum coating thickness. The theoretical background, explanation of methods, analysis and effects on measured values, limitations, and resolutions are provided. In industrial applications, quartz micro balances (QCM) and optical density (OD) are commonly used for monitoring thickness homogeneity. Additionally, AFM (atomic force microscopy), electrical conductivity, eddy current measurement, interference, and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are presented as more packaging research related methods. This work aims to be used as a guiding handbook regarding the thickness measurement of aluminum coatings for packaging technologists working in the field of metallization.
Martina Lindner; Markus Schmid. Thickness Measurement Methods for Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings in Packaging Applications: A Review. Coatings 2017, 7, 9 .
AMA StyleMartina Lindner, Markus Schmid. Thickness Measurement Methods for Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings in Packaging Applications: A Review. Coatings. 2017; 7 (1):9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Lindner; Markus Schmid. 2017. "Thickness Measurement Methods for Physical Vapor Deposited Aluminum Coatings in Packaging Applications: A Review." Coatings 7, no. 1: 9.
There is increasing research towards the substitution of petrochemicals by sustainable components. Biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids derive from a variety of crop sources and most promisingly from waste streams generated during their processing by the agro food industry. Among those, proteins of different types such as whey, casein, gelatin, wheat gluten, soy protein or zein present a potential beyond the food and feed industry for the application in packaging. The general protein hydrophilicity promotes a good compatibility to polar surfaces, such as paper, and a good barrier to apolar gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The present review deals with the development of protein-based coatings and films. It includes relevant discussion for application in paper or board products, as well as an outlook on its future industrial potential. Proteins with suitable functionalities as food packaging materials are described as well as the different technologies for processing the coatings and the current state of the art about the coating formulations for selectively modulating barrier, mechanical, surface and end of life properties. Some insights onto regulations about packaging use, end of life and perspectives of such natural coating for decreasing the environmental impact of packages are given.
Maria-Beatrice Coltelli; Florian Wild; Elodie Bugnicourt; Patrizia Cinelli; Martina Lindner; Markus Schmid; Verena Weckel; Kerstin Müller; Pablo Rodriguez; Andreas Staebler; Laura Rodríguez-Turienzo; Andrea Lazzeri. State of the Art in the Development and Properties of Protein-Based Films and Coatings and Their Applicability to Cellulose Based Products: An Extensive Review. Coatings 2015, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleMaria-Beatrice Coltelli, Florian Wild, Elodie Bugnicourt, Patrizia Cinelli, Martina Lindner, Markus Schmid, Verena Weckel, Kerstin Müller, Pablo Rodriguez, Andreas Staebler, Laura Rodríguez-Turienzo, Andrea Lazzeri. State of the Art in the Development and Properties of Protein-Based Films and Coatings and Their Applicability to Cellulose Based Products: An Extensive Review. Coatings. 2015; 6 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria-Beatrice Coltelli; Florian Wild; Elodie Bugnicourt; Patrizia Cinelli; Martina Lindner; Markus Schmid; Verena Weckel; Kerstin Müller; Pablo Rodriguez; Andreas Staebler; Laura Rodríguez-Turienzo; Andrea Lazzeri. 2015. "State of the Art in the Development and Properties of Protein-Based Films and Coatings and Their Applicability to Cellulose Based Products: An Extensive Review." Coatings 6, no. 1: 1.