The present study aimed to verify whether a program of initiation to the aquatic environment composed of motor games (motor stories, learning environments and motor circuits) is more effective in the acquisition of aquatic skills in early childhood education than a traditional program. For this purpose, the Escala de Competencia Motriz Acuática for 4–5 year-old children was used before and after both programs. This scale has two factors, one named Familiarization, linked to more elementary aquatic abilities, and the Immersion factor, which integrates more advanced aquatic abilities. The two programs were used as independent variables, and there was a sample of 17 children over six weeks. The results show that both programs improved the acquisition of aquatic skills. The program that integrated motor games impacted the improvement of skills related to the Immersion factor significantly more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the primary school students’ perception of their motor competence in the area of Physical Education, with respect to the affective domain and improvement. The sample consisted of 428 primary school students aged between 8 and 12 years (M=10.43; SD=0.837) (Castilla La Mancha, Spain). Perceived motor competence (PMC) was measured by the Perception of Competence Questionnaire (POC); perfectionism was measured by the three subscales of the Child Perfectionism Questionnaire, and, finally, affectivity was assessed by the PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) questionnaire. Positive correlations were obtained between all the dimensions of the PMC and self-improvement (p<.05). Significant gender differences were found in the PMC dimension Peers and Self-Experience, with higher scores in males (p<.05). Differences were also found in the PMC dimension Peers as a function of weight status, being lower in the overweight group (p<.05). Age was related to self-experience being higher the older one was (p<.05). A model was generated that explained 23.7% of PMC with the total dimension of self-improvement and weight status. Three distinct profiles, called high, medium and low self-improvement, were detected. These groups in turn showed an analogy in perceived motor competence, high, medium and low, the result also obtained in the regression analysis (p<.05). These results extend the relationship between perceived motor competence and self-improvement in primary school children and are potentially of interest to the fields of education and psychology.

Nowadays bullying has become one of the biggest challenges faced by teachers all around the world due to the consequences it has on the victims in the long and short term. The most common consequences expressed by bullying victims are anxiety, depression, socialization problems, lower self-esteem, and a negative perception of their body image. The negative perfection of body image has a very strong relationship with the development of eating disorders. Due to this fact, it is crucial to study the relationship that bullying and eating disorders might have. By using PRISMA model (Page et al., 2021) a systematic review to prove this relationship has been developed. After searching and analyzing different articles, the included sample and the instruments used, it was possible to conclude that being a victim of bullying is related with developing an eating disorder. For this reason, it is crucial to create prevention programs at schools that help teachers, parents and the different professionals to face both problems as it is essential to keep students safe inside and outside the classroom. Keywords: Bullying; eating disorders; body image; systematic review; physical education; prevention.

Body image is understood as a social construction acquired over the years that is generated as people learn behaviors and relate to each other in the search of their own identity. The aim of this research is to identify the personal and contextual factors which may influence the positive social, negative social, and self-concept dimensions of the social construction of body image on boys and girls from fifth and sixth grades of Primary Education by developing a descriptive exploratory study. For the sample, 719 pupils of fifth grade and sixth grade from Primary Education were selected to develop this research; 373 of them were boys (51.9%) and 340 girls (47.3%), with 6 lost samples. The main results of this research suggested associations between the lack of physical activity, the increase in BMI, and the increase in the number of siblings who worried more about body perception. Likewise, football stands out after detecting links between the practice of this sport and influences on body perception and self-perception.

Game is considered a key element in education for the teaching-learning process of children regarding all grades, from pre-school to primary education. This chapter inquired the relevance of using the game in primary education through programs carried out in 2nd and 3rd grades. A systematic review has been carried out about the game and playful learning, especially in Physical Education, with the aim of developing a list of indicators. These indicators are divided into four fields: enjoyment, curiosity, autonomy, and competence. Indicators are used to create a questionnaire and a rubric of evaluation of playful learning in pupils. The questionnaire and the rubric have been reviewed following the guidelines of Delphi's method. Once validated, the questionnaire was done by pupils of 2nd and 3rd grade. The rubric was fulfilled by a 2nd grade teacher, and the results demonstrate the positive effects of using games for the teaching-learning process.

In September 2022, worldwide media were fulfilled of news about the terrifying death of a young woman called Mahsa Amini. She died in a hospital after being arrested and beaten by the Morality Police and it caused thousands of protests not only in Iran, but all around the world. The revolution that started on Iranian women fighting for their rights was an historical event that brought all Iranian women and men, who were against the regimen, together to protest. These events were shown in different social media sites such as TikTok, Instagram, Twitter, etc. So, everyone could know what was happening. Late in 2023, The European Parliament awarded Sakharov Prize posthumously to Mahsa Amini and the 'Women, Life, and Freedom' movement so the authors have created a proposal to show at schools the importance of this historical event and how to inform themselves by using social networks. Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.