All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage. In particular, ASSBs with sulfide solid-state electrolytes (SEs) offer high conductivity, rivaling those of liquid electrolytes (LEs). However, a fundamental understanding of thermal failure of sulfide-based ASSBs is lacking. Herein, we unprecedently revealed two distinct thermal runaway (TR) mechanisms of sulfide-based ASSBs, namely the gas–solid and the solid–solid reactions. Contrary to the prevailing wisdom, both glassy-ceramic (Li₃PS₄ and Li₇P₃S₁₁) and crystalline (Li₆PS₅Cl and Li₁₀GeP₁₂S₂) SEs exhibited significantly larger heat generation than LEs with the delithiated LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM) cathode revealed by DSC-MS characterization, and confirmed in composite cathode pellets. Driven by the gas–solid reactions, the glassy-ceramic SEs were oxidized by the O₂ released from the NCM cathode at approximately 200 °C, resulting in tremendous heat and toxic SO₂ gas generation. In contrast, the crystalline sulfide SEs remained stable against lattice O₂ at 200 °C without SO₂ generation and showed solid–solid reactions with the decomposition products of the NCM cathode (transition-metal oxides, etc.) at 300 °C. Ex situ characterization revealed the generation of different decomposition products at elevated temperatures, indicating the different failure routes of sulfide SEs with NCM. The proposed mechanisms delineate the relationship among the sulfide SE structures, gas-driven crosstalk reactions, and interfacial reactions due to solid–solid contact during the TR of sulfide-based ASSBs. Our study highlights the need for fundamental studies on the safety of ASSBs and sheds new light on the design principles of emerging materials for intrinsically safe batteries.

Smart batteries will penetrate all corners of the new energy field represented by Li-ion batteries. Smart batteries exhibit higher power performance, safety and durability.

Lithium dendrites, with their high reactivity, pose a critical challenge to the safety and longevity of lithium-based batteries. Effective regulation strategies are crucial for mitigating battery degradation and enhancing reliability. Conventional approaches, such as relaxation following lithium plating or regulated discharging, often fail to simultaneously address the formation of solid electrolyte interface and isolated lithium. Here, we demonstrate that rational utilization of electric field relaxation following dendrite growth can reduce defective solid electrolyte interface and isolated lithium by balancing solid electrolyte interface growth and dendrite morphology smoothing near the relaxation time constant. Building upon the mechanism, we propose a short-term relaxation method to manipulate lithium plating, which achieves an enhancement of capacity retention from 80% up to 95% at 3 C-rate (20 min) fast-charging on commercial batteries. These findings highlight the importance of relaxation after dendrites formation for safe, long-life and fast-charging batteries, particularly where dendrite growth is the limiting factor.

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the main characteristics of cancer cells and plays pivotal role in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. Amino acid is one of the key nutrients for cancer cells and many studies have focused on the regulation of amino acid metabolism, including the genetic alteration, epigenetic modification, transcription, translation and post-translational modification of key enzymes in amino acid metabolism. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are composed of a heterogeneous group of RNAs with transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs can bind to biological molecules such as DNA, RNA and protein, regulating the transcription, translation and post-translational modification of target genes. Now, the functions of lncRNAs in cancer metabolism have aroused great research interest and significant progress has been made. This review focuses on how lncRNAs participate in the reprogramming of amino acid metabolism in cancer cells, especially glutamine, serine, arginine, aspartate, cysteine metabolism. This will help us to better understand the regulatory mechanism of cancer metabolic reprogramming and provide new ideas for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their inherent advantages in safety, cost, and environmental compatibility.