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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) has a highly restricted cellular tropism. In vivo, the virus primarily infects tissue-specific macrophages in the nose, lungs, tonsils, and pharyngeal lymphoid tissues. In vitro however, the MARC-145 cell line is one of the few PRRSV susceptible cell lines that are routinely used for in vitro propagation. Previously, several PRRSV non-permissive cell lines were shown to become susceptible to PRRSV infection upon expression of recombinant entry receptors (e.g., PK15Sn-CD163, PK15S10-CD163). In the present study, we examined the suitability of different cell lines as a possible replacement of primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) cells for isolation and growth of PRRSV. The susceptibility of four different cell lines (PK15Sn-CD163, PK15S10-CD163, MARC-145, and MARC-145Sn) for the primary isolation of PRRSV from PCR positive sera (both PRRSV1 and PRRSV2) was compared with that of PAM. To find possible correlations between the cell tropism and the viral genotype, 54 field samples were sequenced, and amino acid residues potentially associated with the cell tropism were identified. Regarding the virus titers obtained with the five different cell types, PAM gave the highest mean virus titers followed by PK15Sn-CD163, PK15S10-CD163, MARC-145Sn, and MARC-145. The titers in PK15Sn-CD163 and PK15S10-CD163 cells were significantly correlated with virus titers in PAM for both PRRSV1 (p< 0.001) and PRRSV2 (p< 0.001) compared with MARC-145Sn (PRRSV1: p = 0.22 and PRRSV2: p = 0.03) and MARC-145 (PRRSV1: p = 0.04 and PRRSV2: p = 0.12). Further, a possible correlation between cell tropism and viral genotype was assessed using PRRSV whole genome sequences in a Genome-Wide-Association Study (GWAS). The structural protein residues GP2:187L and N:28R within PRRSV2 sequences were associated with their growth in MARC-145. The GP5:78I residue for PRRSV2 and the Nsp11:155F residue for PRRSV1 was linked to a higher replication on PAM. In conclusion, PK15Sn-CD163 and PK15S10-CD163 cells are phenotypically closely related to the in vivo target macrophages and are more suitable for virus isolation and titration than MARC-145/MARC-145Sn cells. The residues of PRRSV proteins that are potentially related with cell tropism will be further investigated in the future.
Jiexiong Xie; Nick Vereecke; Sebastiaan Theuns; Dayoung Oh; Nathalie Vanderheijden; Ivan Trus; Jannes Sauer; Philip Vyt; Caroline Bonckaert; Christian Lalonde; Chantale Provost; Carl Gagnon; Hans Nauwynck. Comparison of Primary Virus Isolation in Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages and Four Different Continuous Cell Lines for Type 1 and Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vaccines 2021, 9, 594 .
AMA StyleJiexiong Xie, Nick Vereecke, Sebastiaan Theuns, Dayoung Oh, Nathalie Vanderheijden, Ivan Trus, Jannes Sauer, Philip Vyt, Caroline Bonckaert, Christian Lalonde, Chantale Provost, Carl Gagnon, Hans Nauwynck. Comparison of Primary Virus Isolation in Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages and Four Different Continuous Cell Lines for Type 1 and Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (6):594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiexiong Xie; Nick Vereecke; Sebastiaan Theuns; Dayoung Oh; Nathalie Vanderheijden; Ivan Trus; Jannes Sauer; Philip Vyt; Caroline Bonckaert; Christian Lalonde; Chantale Provost; Carl Gagnon; Hans Nauwynck. 2021. "Comparison of Primary Virus Isolation in Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages and Four Different Continuous Cell Lines for Type 1 and Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus." Vaccines 9, no. 6: 594.
The bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) can infect a wide range of animals, most notably ruminants where it causes mainly asymptomatic infections and, when clinical, it is associated with reproductive disorders such as abortion. It is also the etiological agent of Q fever in humans, a zoonosis of increasingly important public health concern. A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the apparent prevalence and spatial distribution of C. burnetii positivity in dairy cattle and small ruminant herds of two regions of Québec, Canada, and identify potential risk factors associated with positivity at animal and herd levels. In dairy cattle herds, individual fecal samples and repeated bulk tank milk samples (BTM) were collected. In small ruminant herds, serum and feces were sampled in individual animals. ELISA analyses were performed on serum and BTM samples. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was done on fecal and BTM samples. An animal was considered C. burnetii-positive when at least one sample was revealed positive by ELISA and/or qPCR, while a herd was considered C. burnetii-positive when at least one animal inside that herd was revealed positive. None of the 155 cows had a qPCR-positive fecal sample, whereas 37.2 % (95 % CI = 25.3–49.1) of the 341 sheep and 49.2 % (95 % CI = 25.6–72.7) of the 75 goats were C. burnetii-positive. The apparent prevalence of C. burnetii-positive herds was 47.3 % (95 % CI = 35.6–59.3) in dairy cattle herds (n = 74), 69.6 % (95 % CI = 47.1–86.8) in sheep flocks (n = 23) and 66.7 % (95 % CI = 22.3–95.7) in goat herds (n = 6). No spatial cluster of positive herds was detected. At the individual level, the only significant association with positivity in multivariable regressions was higher parity number in small ruminants. At the herd level, the use of calving group pen, the distance to the closest positive bovine herd, and small ruminant herd density in a 5 km radius were associated with dairy cattle herd positivity, whereas small ruminant herds with more than 100 animals and with a dog on the farm had greater odds of C. burnetii positivity. Our study shows that the infection is frequent on dairy cattle and small ruminant herds from the two studied regions and that some farm and animal characteristics might influence the transmission dynamics of the C. burnetii infection.
Marie-Ève Turcotte; Sébastien Buczinski; Anne Leboeuf; Josée Harel; Denise Bélanger; Donald Tremblay; Carl A. Gagnon; Julie Arsenault. Epidemiological study of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle and small ruminants in Québec, Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2021, 191, 105365 .
AMA StyleMarie-Ève Turcotte, Sébastien Buczinski, Anne Leboeuf, Josée Harel, Denise Bélanger, Donald Tremblay, Carl A. Gagnon, Julie Arsenault. Epidemiological study of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle and small ruminants in Québec, Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 191 ():105365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarie-Ève Turcotte; Sébastien Buczinski; Anne Leboeuf; Josée Harel; Denise Bélanger; Donald Tremblay; Carl A. Gagnon; Julie Arsenault. 2021. "Epidemiological study of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle and small ruminants in Québec, Canada." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 191, no. : 105365.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an infectious upper respiratory tract disease that impacts the poultry industry worldwide. ILT is caused by an alphaherpesvirus commonly referred to as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is practiced regularly for the control of ILT. However, extensive and improper use of live attenuated vaccines is related to vaccine viruses reverting to virulence. An increase in mortality and pathogenicity has been attributed to these vaccine revertant viruses. Recent studies characterized Canadian ILTV strains originating from ILT outbreaks as related to live attenuated vaccine virus revertants. However, information is scarce on the pathogenicity and transmission potential of these Canadian isolates. Hence, in this study, the pathogenicity and transmission potential of two wildtype ILTVs and a chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine revertant ILTV of Canadian origin were evaluated. To this end, 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were experimentally infected with each of the ILTV isolates and compared to uninfected controls. Additionally, naïve chickens were exposed to the experimentally infected chickens to mimic naturally occurring infection. Pathogenicity of each of these ILTV isolates was evaluated by the severity of clinical signs, weight loss, mortality, and lesions observed at the necropsy. The transmission potential was evaluated by quantification of ILTV genome loads in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue samples of the experimentally infected and contact-exposed chickens, as well as in the capacity to produce ILT in contact-exposed chickens. We observed that the CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate induced severe disease in comparison to the two wildtype ILTV isolates used in this study. According to ILTV genome load data, CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate was successfully transmitted to naïve contact-exposed chickens in comparison to the tested wildtype ILTV isolates. Overall, the Canadian origin CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate possesses higher virulence, and dissemination potential, when compared to the wildtype ILTV isolates used in this study. These findings have serious implications in ILT control in chickens.
Ana Perez-Contreras; Catalina Barboza-Solis; Shahnas Najimudeen; Sylvia Checkley; Frank Meer; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl Gagnon; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Viruses 2021, 13, 541 .
AMA StyleAna Perez-Contreras, Catalina Barboza-Solis, Shahnas Najimudeen, Sylvia Checkley, Frank Meer, Tomy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl Gagnon, Davor Ojkic, Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Perez-Contreras; Catalina Barboza-Solis; Shahnas Najimudeen; Sylvia Checkley; Frank Meer; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl Gagnon; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. 2021. "Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus." Viruses 13, no. 4: 541.
The bacterium Coxiella burnetii has been associated with reproduction disorders in dairy cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Québec, Canada, to estimate the prevalence of C. burnetii in dairy cows from C. burnetii RT-PCR-positive and/or ELISA-positive herds. As a secondary objective, the associations between C. burnetii-positivity and three reproductive outcomes (purulent vaginal discharge, cytological endometritis, and success at first service) were assessed. A total of 202 post-parturient dairy cows from nine herds were sampled at 35 ± 7 days in milk. Vaginal mucus and composite milk were collected from each cow and screened for the presence of C. burnetii by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA, respectively. Purulent vaginal discharge and cytological endometritis were evaluated using a Metricheck device and a modified cytobrush, respectively. The first insemination postpartum was done following an ovulation synchronization protocol around 70 days in milk, and success at first service was recorded. Multilevel logistic regressions adjusted for parity were used to model purulent vaginal discharge, cytological endometritis and success at first service according to C. burnetii cow status. All 202 RT-PCR-assayed vaginal samples were C. burnetii-negative. A positive result for anti-C. burnetii antibodies detection in composite milk was obtained in 25/202 samples and a doubtful result in 4/202 samples. After adjustment for sampling weights, the 202 ELISA-assayed composite milk samples gave an estimated overall prevalence of C. burnetii positive cows of 12.9 % (CI = 6.1–19.6 %) and of doubtful cows of 1.4 % (CI = 0.0–3.3 %). The proportion of ELISA-positive cows was lower in first parity (0%) compared to second (17.1 %) or third parity cows (20.0 %). The associations between ELISA positivity and reproductive outcomes were not statistically significant, perhaps due to the limited sample size, but could be used as pilot estimate for large-scale studies investigating the impact of C. burnetii infection on reproduction disorders in dairy cattle.
Marie-Ève Turcotte; José Denis-Robichaud; Jocelyn Dubuc; Josée Harel; Donald Tremblay; Carl A. Gagnon; Julie Arsenault. Prevalence of shedding and antibody to Coxiella burnetii in post-partum dairy cows and its association with reproductive tract diseases and performance: A pilot study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2020, 186, 105231 .
AMA StyleMarie-Ève Turcotte, José Denis-Robichaud, Jocelyn Dubuc, Josée Harel, Donald Tremblay, Carl A. Gagnon, Julie Arsenault. Prevalence of shedding and antibody to Coxiella burnetii in post-partum dairy cows and its association with reproductive tract diseases and performance: A pilot study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 186 ():105231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarie-Ève Turcotte; José Denis-Robichaud; Jocelyn Dubuc; Josée Harel; Donald Tremblay; Carl A. Gagnon; Julie Arsenault. 2020. "Prevalence of shedding and antibody to Coxiella burnetii in post-partum dairy cows and its association with reproductive tract diseases and performance: A pilot study." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 186, no. : 105231.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a herpes virus that causes an acute respiratory disease of poultry known as infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Chicken embryo origin (CEO) and tissue culture origin (TCO) live attenuated vaccines are routinely used for the control of ILT. However, vaccine virus is known to revert to virulence, and it has been recently shown that ILT field viral strains can undergo recombination with vaccinal ILTV and such recombinant ILT viruses possess greater transmission and pathogenicity potential. Based on complete or partial genes of the ILTV genome, few studies genotyped ILTV strains circulating in Canada, and so far, information is scarce on whole-genome sequencing or the presence of recombination in Canadian ILTV isolates. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the 14 ILTV isolates that originated from three provinces in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia and Quebec). To this end, a phylogenetic analysis of 50 ILTV complete genome sequences, including 14 sequences of Canadian origin, was carried out. Additional phylogenetic analysis of the unique long, unique short and inverted repeat regions of the ILTV genome was also performed. We observed that 71%, 21% and 7% of the ILTV isolates were categorized as CEO revertant, wild-type and TCO vaccine-related, respectively. The sequences were also analyzed for potential recombination events, which included evidence in the British Columbia ILTV isolate. This event involved two ILTV vaccine (CEO) strains as parental strains. Recombination analysis also identified that one ILTV isolate from Alberta as a potential parental strain for a United States origin ILTV isolate. The positions of the possible recombination breakpoints were identified. These results indicate that the ILTV wild-type strains can recombine with vaccinal strains complicating vaccine-mediated control of ILT. Further studies on the pathogenicity of these ILTV strains, including the recombinant ILTV isolate are currently ongoing.
Ana Perez Contreras; Frank Van Der Meer; Sylvia Checkley; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Chantale Provost; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination. Viruses 2020, 12, 1302 .
AMA StyleAna Perez Contreras, Frank Van Der Meer, Sylvia Checkley, Tomy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl A. Gagnon, Chantale Provost, Davor Ojkic, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Perez Contreras; Frank Van Der Meer; Sylvia Checkley; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Chantale Provost; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1302.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major economic concern worldwide. There are currently large data sets available about the ORF5 gene of the virus, with thousands of sequences available, but little data are currently available on the full-length genome of PRRSV. We hypothesized that whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the PRRSV genome would allow better epidemiological monitoring than ORF5 gene sequencing. PRRSV PCR-positive serum, oral fluid, and tissue clinical samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory for routine surveillance or diagnosis of PRRSV infection in Québec, Canada, swine herds were used.
Christian Lalonde; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus from Field Clinical Samples Improves the Genomic Surveillance of the Virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020, 58, 1 .
AMA StyleChristian Lalonde, Chantale Provost, Carl A. Gagnon. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus from Field Clinical Samples Improves the Genomic Surveillance of the Virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2020; 58 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Lalonde; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon. 2020. "Whole-Genome Sequencing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus from Field Clinical Samples Improves the Genomic Surveillance of the Virus." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 58, no. 11: 1.
In this study, we aimed to molecularly characterize 14 whole genome sequences of chicken astrovirus (CAstV) isolated from samples obtained from white chick syndrome (WCS) outbreaks in Western Canada during the period of 2014–2019. Genome sequence comparisons showed all these sequences correspond to the novel Biv group from which no confirmed representatives were published in GenBank. Molecular recombination analyses using recombination detection software (i.e., RDP5 and SimPlot) and phylogenetic analyses suggest multiple past recombination events in open reading frame (ORF)1a, ORF1b, and ORF2. Our findings suggest that recombination events and the accumulation of point mutations may have contributed to the substantial genetic variation observed in CAstV and evidenced by the current seven antigenic sub-clusters hitherto described. This is the first paper that describes recombination events in CAstV following analysis of complete CAstV sequences originated in Canada.
Victor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Emily Martin; Marina Brash; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada. Viruses 2020, 12, 1096 .
AMA StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia, Darko Mitevski, Tom Inglis, Frank Van Der Meer, Emily Martin, Marina Brash, Chantale Provost, Carl A. Gagnon, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada. Viruses. 2020; 12 (10):1096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Emily Martin; Marina Brash; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada." Viruses 12, no. 10: 1096.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes an acute upper respiratory disease in chickens called infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Live attenuated vaccines are effective in disease control; however, they have residual virulence, which makes them able to replicate, cause disease and revert to the original virulent form. Information is scarce on the molecular nature of ILTV that is linked to ILT in Canada. This study aims to determine whether isolates originating from ILT cases in Western Canada are a wild type or vaccine origin. Samples submitted for the diagnosis of ILT between 2009–2018 were obtained from Alberta (AB, n = 46) and British Columbia (BC, n = 9). For genotyping, a Sanger sequencing of open reading frame (ORF) a and b was used. A total of 27 from AB, and 5 from BC samples yielded a fragment of 1751 base pairs (bp). Three of the BC samples classified as group IV (CEO vaccine strains) and 2 as group V (CEO revertant). Of the AB samples, 22 samples clustered with group V, 3 with group VI (wild type), and 2 with group VII, VIII, and IX (wild type). Overall, 17 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Further studies are underway to ascertain the virulence and transmission potential of these isolates.
Catalina Barboza-Solis; Ana Perez Contreras; Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Tommy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b. Animals 2020, 10, 1634 .
AMA StyleCatalina Barboza-Solis, Ana Perez Contreras, Victor A. Palomino-Tapia, Tommy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl A. Gagnon, Frank Van Der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatalina Barboza-Solis; Ana Perez Contreras; Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Tommy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b." Animals 10, no. 9: 1634.
The genomic surveillance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is based on sequencing of the ORF5 gene of the virus, which covers only 4% of the entire viral genome. It is expected that PRRSV whole-genome sequencing (WGS) will improve PRRSV genomic data and allow better understanding of clinical discrepancies observed in the field when using ORF5 sequencing. Our main objective was to implement an efficient method for WGS of PRRSV from clinical samples. The viral genome was purified using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method and sequenced using Illumina technology. We tested 149 PRRSV-positive samples: 80 sera, 33 lungs, 33 pools of tissues, 2 oral fluids, and 1 processing fluid (i.e., castration liquid). Overall, WGS of 67.1% of PRRSV-positive cases was successful. The viral load, in particular for tissues, had a major impact on the PRRSV WGS success rate. Serum was the most efficient type of sample to conduct PRRSV WGS poly(A)-tail assays, with a success rate of 76.3%, and this result can be explained by improved sequencing reads dispersion matching throughout the entire viral genome. WGS was unsuccessful for all pools of tissue and lung samples with Cq values > 26.5, whereas it could still be successful with sera at Cq ≤ 34.1. Evaluation of results of highly qualified personnel confirmed that laboratory skills could affect PRRSV WGS efficiency. Oral fluid samples seem very promising and merit further investigation because, with only 2 samples of low viral load (Cq = 28.8, 32.8), PRRSV WGS was successful.
Carl A. Gagnon; Christian Lalonde; Chantale Provost. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus whole-genome sequencing efficacy with field clinical samples using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2020, 33, 216 -226.
AMA StyleCarl A. Gagnon, Christian Lalonde, Chantale Provost. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus whole-genome sequencing efficacy with field clinical samples using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2020; 33 (2):216-226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarl A. Gagnon; Christian Lalonde; Chantale Provost. 2020. "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus whole-genome sequencing efficacy with field clinical samples using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 2: 216-226.
Innate responses provide the first line of defense against viral infections, including the influenza virus at mucosal surfaces. Communication and interaction between different host cells at the early stage of viral infections determine the quality and magnitude of immune responses against the invading virus. The release of membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs), from host cells, is defined as a refined system of cell-to-cell communication. EVs contain a diverse array of biomolecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs). We hypothesized that the activation of the tracheal cells with different stimuli impacts the cellular and EV miRNA profiles. Chicken tracheal rings were stimulated with polyI:C and LPS from Escherichia coli 026:B6 or infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus H4N6. Subsequently, miRNAs were isolated from chicken tracheal cells or from EVs released from chicken tracheal cells. Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in treated groups when compared to the control group. Our results demonstrated that there were 67 up-regulated miRNAs, 157 down-regulated miRNAs across all cellular and EV samples. In the next step, several genes or pathways targeted by DE miRNAs were predicted. Overall, this study presented a global miRNA expression profile in chicken tracheas in response to avian influenza viruses (AIV) and toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The results presented predicted the possible roles of some DE miRNAs in the induction of antiviral responses. The DE candidate miRNAs, including miR-146a, miR-146b, miR-205a, miR-205b and miR-449, can be investigated further for functional validation studies and to be used as novel prophylactic and therapeutic targets in tailoring or enhancing antiviral responses against AIV.
Kelsey O’Dowd; Mehdi Emam; Mohamed Reda El Khili; Amin Emad; Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu; Carl A. Gagnon; Neda Barjesteh. Distinct miRNA Profile of Cellular and Extracellular Vesicles Released from Chicken Tracheal Cells Following Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Vaccines 2020, 8, 438 .
AMA StyleKelsey O’Dowd, Mehdi Emam, Mohamed Reda El Khili, Amin Emad, Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu, Carl A. Gagnon, Neda Barjesteh. Distinct miRNA Profile of Cellular and Extracellular Vesicles Released from Chicken Tracheal Cells Following Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (3):438.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKelsey O’Dowd; Mehdi Emam; Mohamed Reda El Khili; Amin Emad; Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu; Carl A. Gagnon; Neda Barjesteh. 2020. "Distinct miRNA Profile of Cellular and Extracellular Vesicles Released from Chicken Tracheal Cells Following Avian Influenza Virus Infection." Vaccines 8, no. 3: 438.
Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.
Ludivine Taieb; Antoinette Ludwig; Nick H. Ogden; Robbin L. Lindsay; Mahmood Iranpour; Carl A. Gagnon; Dominique J. Bicout. Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4517 .
AMA StyleLudivine Taieb, Antoinette Ludwig, Nick H. Ogden, Robbin L. Lindsay, Mahmood Iranpour, Carl A. Gagnon, Dominique J. Bicout. Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4517.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLudivine Taieb; Antoinette Ludwig; Nick H. Ogden; Robbin L. Lindsay; Mahmood Iranpour; Carl A. Gagnon; Dominique J. Bicout. 2020. "Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4517.
Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. In pigs, the term "Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex" (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Porcine CircoVirus type 2 (PCV2) as well as bacteria like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The clinical outcome of the various coinfection or superinfection situations is usually assessed in the studies while in most of cases there is no clear elucidation of the fine mechanisms shaping the complex interactions occurring between microorganisms. In this comprehensive review, we aimed at identifying the studies dealing with coinfections or superinfections in the pig respiratory tract and at presenting the interactions between pathogens and, when possible, the mechanisms controlling them. Coinfections and superinfections involving viruses and bacteria were considered while research articles including protozoan and fungi were excluded. We discuss the main limitations complicating the interpretation of coinfection/superinfection studies, and the high potential perspectives in this fascinating research field, which is expecting to gain more and more interest in the next years for the obvious benefit of animal health.
Georges Saade; Céline Deblanc; Juliette Bougon; Corinne Marois-Créhan; Christelle Fablet; Gaël Auray; Catherine Belloc; Mily Leblanc-Maridor; Carl A. Gagnon; Jianzhong Zhu; Marcelo Gottschalk; Artur Summerfield; Gaëlle Simon; Nicolas Bertho; François Meurens. Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. Veterinary Research 2020, 51, 1 -19.
AMA StyleGeorges Saade, Céline Deblanc, Juliette Bougon, Corinne Marois-Créhan, Christelle Fablet, Gaël Auray, Catherine Belloc, Mily Leblanc-Maridor, Carl A. Gagnon, Jianzhong Zhu, Marcelo Gottschalk, Artur Summerfield, Gaëlle Simon, Nicolas Bertho, François Meurens. Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. Veterinary Research. 2020; 51 (1):1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorges Saade; Céline Deblanc; Juliette Bougon; Corinne Marois-Créhan; Christelle Fablet; Gaël Auray; Catherine Belloc; Mily Leblanc-Maridor; Carl A. Gagnon; Jianzhong Zhu; Marcelo Gottschalk; Artur Summerfield; Gaëlle Simon; Nicolas Bertho; François Meurens. 2020. "Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract." Veterinary Research 51, no. 1: 1-19.
Rozenn Le Net; Chantale Provost; Christian Lalonde; Lyette Régimbald; Francois Vézina; Carl A Gagnon; Stéphane Lair. WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING OF AN AVIPOXVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS IN A GROUP OF AVIARY-HOUSED SNOW BUNTINGS (PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS). 2020, 50, 803 -812.
AMA StyleRozenn Le Net, Chantale Provost, Christian Lalonde, Lyette Régimbald, Francois Vézina, Carl A Gagnon, Stéphane Lair. WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING OF AN AVIPOXVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS IN A GROUP OF AVIARY-HOUSED SNOW BUNTINGS (PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS). . 2020; 50 (4):803-812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRozenn Le Net; Chantale Provost; Christian Lalonde; Lyette Régimbald; Francois Vézina; Carl A Gagnon; Stéphane Lair. 2020. "WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING OF AN AVIPOXVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS IN A GROUP OF AVIARY-HOUSED SNOW BUNTINGS (PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS)." 50, no. 4: 803-812.
Sonia Chénier; Michel Desroches; Chantale Provost; Véronique Bournival; Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur; Marika Koszegi; Carl A. Gagnon. First reported outbreak of Duck atadenovirus A tracheobronchitis in 3-week-old ducklings in Québec including whole genome sequence of the virus. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 2019, 60, 1285 -1288.
AMA StyleSonia Chénier, Michel Desroches, Chantale Provost, Véronique Bournival, Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur, Marika Koszegi, Carl A. Gagnon. First reported outbreak of Duck atadenovirus A tracheobronchitis in 3-week-old ducklings in Québec including whole genome sequence of the virus. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne. 2019; 60 (12):1285-1288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonia Chénier; Michel Desroches; Chantale Provost; Véronique Bournival; Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur; Marika Koszegi; Carl A. Gagnon. 2019. "First reported outbreak of Duck atadenovirus A tracheobronchitis in 3-week-old ducklings in Québec including whole genome sequence of the virus." The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 60, no. 12: 1285-1288.
Yaima Burgher; Marika Koszegi; Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur; Dominique Fournier; Cynthia Lafond-Lambert; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon. Canada: First report of Ureaplasma diversum, a bovine pathogen, in the respiratory tract of swine in Canada. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 2018, 59, 1333 -1337.
AMA StyleYaima Burgher, Marika Koszegi, Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur, Dominique Fournier, Cynthia Lafond-Lambert, Chantale Provost, Carl A. Gagnon. Canada: First report of Ureaplasma diversum, a bovine pathogen, in the respiratory tract of swine in Canada. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne. 2018; 59 (12):1333-1337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaima Burgher; Marika Koszegi; Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur; Dominique Fournier; Cynthia Lafond-Lambert; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon. 2018. "Canada: First report of Ureaplasma diversum, a bovine pathogen, in the respiratory tract of swine in Canada." The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 59, no. 12: 1333-1337.
Introduction. Mycobacterium xenopi is a rare opportunistic pathogen mainly causing infections in immunocompromised human patients or those with underlying chronic structural lung disease. Cases of disease in veterinary medicine remain scarce. Few animal species, including birds, are suspected of being vectors of the disease and there has not yet been a report of clinical disease in birds. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of systemic infection in a domestic bird. Case presentation. A female fiery-shouldered conure was submitted after death for necropsy following episodes of heavy breathing. The necropsy revealed multiple granulomatous lesions within the liver, air sacs and kidneys. Ziehl–Neelsen stains demonstrated the presence of numerous intralesional acid-fast bacilli. PCR assays and culture confirmed the presence of M. xenopi. Conclusion. Through this case we hope to describe the characteristics of M. xenopi disease in birds and the possible close relationship between animal and human infections.
Guillaume St-Jean; Carl A. Gagnon; Hafid Soualhine; Manon Tremblay; Andrée-Anne Beaulieu; Doris Sylvestre. Mycobacterium xenopi systemic infection in a domestic fiery-shouldered conure bird (Pyrrhura egregia). JMM Case Reports 2018, 5, 1 .
AMA StyleGuillaume St-Jean, Carl A. Gagnon, Hafid Soualhine, Manon Tremblay, Andrée-Anne Beaulieu, Doris Sylvestre. Mycobacterium xenopi systemic infection in a domestic fiery-shouldered conure bird (Pyrrhura egregia). JMM Case Reports. 2018; 5 (7):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuillaume St-Jean; Carl A. Gagnon; Hafid Soualhine; Manon Tremblay; Andrée-Anne Beaulieu; Doris Sylvestre. 2018. "Mycobacterium xenopi systemic infection in a domestic fiery-shouldered conure bird (Pyrrhura egregia)." JMM Case Reports 5, no. 7: 1.
Purpose. Recently, the strong antiviral activity of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) culture supernatant against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was discovered. Following this finding, the objective of the present study was to understand how the App culture supernatant inhibits PRRSV replication in its natural targeted host cells, i.e. porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Methodology. Several assays were conducted with App culture supernatant-treated PRRSV-infected cell lines, such as PAM, St-Jude porcine lung and MARC-145 cells. RT-qPCR assays were used to determine the expression levels of type I and II IFN mRNAs, viral genomic (gRNA) and sub-genomic RNAs (sgRNAs). Proteomic, Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to determine the involvement of actin filaments in the App culture supernatant antiviral effect. Results/Key findings. Type I and II IFN mRNA expressions were not upregulated by the App culture supernatant. Time courses of gRNA and sgRNA expression levels demonstrated that the App culture supernatant inhibits PRRSV infection before the first viral transcription cycle. Western blot experiments confirmed an increase in the expression of cofilin (actin cytoskeleton dynamics regulator) and immunofluorescence also demonstrated a significant decrease of actin filaments in App culture supernatant-treated PRRSV-infected PAM cells. App culture supernatant antiviral activity was also demonstrated against other PRRSV strains of genotypes I and II. Conclusion. App culture supernatant antiviral effect against PRRSV takes place early during PRRSV infection. Results suggest that App culture supernatant antiviral effect may take place via the activation of cofilin, which induces actin depolymerization and subsequently, probably affects PRRSV endocytosis. Other experiments are needed to fully validate this latest hypothesis.
Yenney Hernandez Reyes; Chantale Provost; Carolina Kist Traesel; Mario Jacques; Carl A. Gagnon. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant antiviral effect against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurs prior to the viral genome replication and transcription through actin depolymerization. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2018, 67, 249 -264.
AMA StyleYenney Hernandez Reyes, Chantale Provost, Carolina Kist Traesel, Mario Jacques, Carl A. Gagnon. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant antiviral effect against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurs prior to the viral genome replication and transcription through actin depolymerization. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2018; 67 (2):249-264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYenney Hernandez Reyes; Chantale Provost; Carolina Kist Traesel; Mario Jacques; Carl A. Gagnon. 2018. "Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant antiviral effect against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurs prior to the viral genome replication and transcription through actin depolymerization." Journal of Medical Microbiology 67, no. 2: 249-264.
In the pig, respiratory co-infections involving various pathogens are far more frequent than single infections. Amongst respiratory viruses, swine influenza type A virus (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are frequently associated. Previously, we performed co-infections with swIAV and PRRSV in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and precision cut lung slices (PCLS). With these two approaches it was practically impossible to have co-infections of the same cells as the main target cell of swIAV is the epithelial cell while the main target of PRRSV is the PAM. This constraint makes the study of interference between the two viruses difficult at the cellular level. In the current report, an epithelial cell line expressing, CD163, the main receptor of PRRSV was generated. This cell line receptive for both viruses was used to assess the interference between the two viruses. Results showed that swIAV as well as PRRSV, even if they interacted differently with the modified epithelial cells, were clearly interfering with each other regarding their replication when they infected a same cell with consequences within the cellular antiviral response. Our modified cell line, receptive to both viruses, can be used as a tool to assess interference between swIAV and PRRSV in a same cell as it probably happens in the porcine host.
Chantale Provost; Glenn Hamonic; Carl A. Gagnon; François Meurens. Dual infections of CD163 expressing NPTr epithelial cells with influenza A virus and PRRSV. Veterinary Microbiology 2017, 207, 143 -148.
AMA StyleChantale Provost, Glenn Hamonic, Carl A. Gagnon, François Meurens. Dual infections of CD163 expressing NPTr epithelial cells with influenza A virus and PRRSV. Veterinary Microbiology. 2017; 207 ():143-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChantale Provost; Glenn Hamonic; Carl A. Gagnon; François Meurens. 2017. "Dual infections of CD163 expressing NPTr epithelial cells with influenza A virus and PRRSV." Veterinary Microbiology 207, no. : 143-148.
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a herpesvirus widespread in cattle populations, and with no clear disease association. Its genome contains a long unique coding region (LUR) flanked by polyrepetitive DNA. In 2009, a BoHV-4 strain was isolated (FMV09-1180503: BoHV-4-FMV) from cattle with respiratory disease from Quebec, Canada, and its LUR was sequenced. Despite the overall high similarity, BoHV-4-FMV had the most divergent LUR sequence compared to the two known BoHV-4 reference strain genomes; most of the divergences were in the Bo genes and in the repeat regions. Our phylogenetic analysis based on DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase genes revealed that virus isolate was BoHV-4 gammaherpesvirus and clustered it together with European BoHV-4 strains. Because BoHV-4-FMV was isolated from animals presenting respiratory signs, we have updated the BoHV-4 Canadian cattle seroprevalence data and tried to find out whether there is a link between clinical manifestation and BoHV-4 seropositivity. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed with near 200 randomized sera of dairy cattle from two Canadian provinces, Quebec (n=100) and Ontario (n=91). Quebec’s sera of selected dairy cattle herds experiencing respiratory or reproductive problems (n=75) and healthy herds (n=48) were also analyzed by IFA. BoHV-4 seroprevalence in Canadian dairy cattle was 7.9% (Quebec: 6% and Ontario: 9.9%). Among Quebec’s selected herds, diseased herds showed higher BoHV-4 seropositivity than healthy herds (P<0.05), with a significant 2.494 odds ratio of being seropositive in sick compared to healthy animals. Although there is no established direct link between BoHV-4 and specific diseases, these seroprevalence data suggest the possible involvement of BoHV-4 in dairy cattle diseases.
Carl A. Gagnon; Carolina Kist Traesel; Nedzad Music; Jérôme Laroche; Nicolas Tison; Jean-Philippe Auger; Sanela Music; Chantale Provost; Christian Bellehumeur; Levon Abrahamyan; Susy Carman; Luc DesCôteaux; Steve J. Charette. Whole Genome Sequencing of a Canadian Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 4 Strain and the Possible Link between the Viral Infection and Respiratory and Reproductive Clinical Manifestations in Dairy Cattle. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2017, 4, 92 -92.
AMA StyleCarl A. Gagnon, Carolina Kist Traesel, Nedzad Music, Jérôme Laroche, Nicolas Tison, Jean-Philippe Auger, Sanela Music, Chantale Provost, Christian Bellehumeur, Levon Abrahamyan, Susy Carman, Luc DesCôteaux, Steve J. Charette. Whole Genome Sequencing of a Canadian Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 4 Strain and the Possible Link between the Viral Infection and Respiratory and Reproductive Clinical Manifestations in Dairy Cattle. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2017; 4 ():92-92.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarl A. Gagnon; Carolina Kist Traesel; Nedzad Music; Jérôme Laroche; Nicolas Tison; Jean-Philippe Auger; Sanela Music; Chantale Provost; Christian Bellehumeur; Levon Abrahamyan; Susy Carman; Luc DesCôteaux; Steve J. Charette. 2017. "Whole Genome Sequencing of a Canadian Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 4 Strain and the Possible Link between the Viral Infection and Respiratory and Reproductive Clinical Manifestations in Dairy Cattle." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 4, no. : 92-92.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a contagious viral respiratory disease of great economic importance for the global poultry industry caused by Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1). Lesions of the upper digestive tract caused by this virus have not been reported before. Two small flocks of backyard chickens experienced an outbreak of ILT, one in 2006 and the other in 2014. These birds had typical ILT lesions, characterized by a necrohemorrhagic laryngitis and tracheitis but were also affected by a severe erosive and necrotic esophagitis and pharyngitis. On microscopic examination of the esophagus and pharynx, numerous individual epithelial cells were degenerated or necrotic. Syncytial cells were present in the mucosa or sloughed in the overlying inflammatory crust, and some of these cells contained an amphophilic intranuclear viral inclusion. GaHV-1 was detected in tissues, from respiratory and digestive tracts, either by PCR, immunohistochemistry, or both diagnostic assays. This case stresses the importance for veterinarians, owners, and technicians to pay attention to different or atypical clinical manifestations of ILT given its highly contagious nature. Reporte de caso - Esofagitis y faringitis asociadas con la laringotraqueítis infecciosa aviar en pollos de traspatio: Dos casos. La laringotraqueítis infecciosa (ILT) es una enfermedad respiratoria viral contagiosa de gran importancia económica para la industria avícola mundial causada por el herpesvirus de las gallinas tipo 1 (con las siglas GaHV-1). Anteriormente, no se había reportado lesiones del tracto digestivo superior causadas por este virus. Dos parvadas pequeñas de pollos de traspatio experimentaron un brote de laringotraqueítis infecciosa, uno en el año 2006 y otro en el 2014. Estas aves tenían lesiones típicas de laringotraqueítis infecciosa, caracterizadas por una laringitis y traqueítis necro-hemorrágicas pero también afectadas por una esofagitis y faringitis erosivas y necróticas severas. En el examen microscópico del esófago y de la faringe, numerosas células epiteliales individuales estaban degeneradas o necróticas. Las células sincitiales estaban presentes en la mucosa o desprendidas en el exudado inflamatorio y algunas de estas células contenían cuerpos de inclusión de origen viral intranucleares anfofílicos. El herpesvirus de las gallinas tipo 1 se detectó en los tejidos, del tracto respiratorio y digestivo mediante PCR, inmunohistoquímica (IHC), o por ambos ensayos de diagnóstico. Este caso subraya la importancia de que los veterinarios, los propietarios de aves y los técnicos presten atención a las manifestaciones clínicas diferentes o atípicas de la laringotraqueítis infecciosa dada su naturaleza altamente contagiosa.
Kathleen Sary; Sonia Chénier; Carl A. Gagnon; H. L. Shivaprasad; Doris Sylvestre; Martine Boulianne. Esophagitis and Pharyngitis Associated with Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Backyard Chickens: Two Cases. Avian Diseases 2017, 61, 255 -260.
AMA StyleKathleen Sary, Sonia Chénier, Carl A. Gagnon, H. L. Shivaprasad, Doris Sylvestre, Martine Boulianne. Esophagitis and Pharyngitis Associated with Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Backyard Chickens: Two Cases. Avian Diseases. 2017; 61 (2):255-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKathleen Sary; Sonia Chénier; Carl A. Gagnon; H. L. Shivaprasad; Doris Sylvestre; Martine Boulianne. 2017. "Esophagitis and Pharyngitis Associated with Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Backyard Chickens: Two Cases." Avian Diseases 61, no. 2: 255-260.