Sarcopenia is a condition that is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, resulting in reduced quality of life. The aim of the study was to analyze the significance of pro-inflammatory markers in the prognostic diagnosis of sarcopenia. The participants were divided into two groups: the main group of 146 people and the control—75 people. The complex of examinations included neuropsychological testing (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with sarcopenia (SarQoL), and short health assessment form (MOS SF-36)), a 6 m walking speed test, manual dynamometry, bioimpedancemetry, and metabolic markers (nitrates, fibroblast growth factor 21, and malondialdehyde). When analyzing metabolic markers in the main group, a twofold increase in nitrates in the main group was recorded in a subsequent analysis adjusted for multiple variables, there was a negative association between the nitrate levels for weak grip strength and appendicular muscle mass. An additional analysis revealed that the complaint of pain in the lower extremities was more frequent in patients of the main group, as well as constipation and the pathology of thyroid gland, and they were more frequently diagnosed with arterial hypertension. At the same time, patients from the main group more frequently took vitamin D. When conducting body composition, the main group recorded a higher weight visceral fat content, as well as a decrease in appendicular and skeletal muscle mass; these changes were accompanied by a decrease in protein and minerals. Among the markers that differed significantly were nitrates, and it was this that was associated with decreased muscle strength and appendicular mass, which may indicate both a possible mechanism and a possible predictive marker. The results of this study can be used to develop a screening method for diagnosing sarcopenia at the outpatient stage.

Aim. To analyze risk factors for sarcopenia in atherosclerosis involvement of target organs in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Material and methods. The study included 84 patients with T2D, divided into groups according to the 2019 criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). All patients were surveyed using a 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), Sarcopenia and Quality of Life (SarQoL), Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs and Falls (SARC-F), grip test, 4-meter walk test, bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring and cardiac ultrasound. Differences were considered significant at p<0,05.Results. Patients with sarcopenia have lower levels of fat, muscle, cell mass, appendicular mass index, fluid, protein, and minerals. In the group with sarcopenia, higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and hypocalcemia were detected. Triglyceride levels were high in those with presarcopenia. In the same group, unstable blood pressure, increased myocardial mass and severe lower limb atherosclerosis were recorded.Conclusion. Sarcopenia is one of the important medical and social problems and is accompanied by unfavorable outcomes. The combination of sarcopenia and T2D can contribute to the rapid development of macro- and microangiopathy and increase the cardiovascular risk.

Sarcopenia is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, leading to poor outcomes and reduced quality of life. In middle age, the decrease in muscle mass begins to be progressive. Bioimpedancemetry allows diagnosing this condition before the onset of clinical symptoms. The purpose of the study: to evaluate the parameters of body composition in the early diagnosis of sarcopenia in middle-aged people. Materials and Methods: The participants were divided into two groups the main one with sarcopenia 146 people and the control group 75 people. The complex of examinations included: neuropsychological testing (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), quality of life questionnaire for patients with sarcopenia (SarQoL), short health assessment form (SF-36)), 4-meter walking speed test, dynamometry and bioimpedancemetry. The results of neuropsychological examination did not differ in the main and control groups. Patients with sarcopenia showed a decrease in muscle strength according to dynamometry. The scores of the walking speed assessment test in the study group were significantly higher than in the control group. The main and control groups had excessive body weight. According to the results of bioimpedanceometry, the main group had increased fat mass, percentage of fat mass, visceral fat area, and fat mass index compared with the control group. Skeletal muscle mass was less in the main group, probable sarcopenia was confirmed by decreased appendicular mass, decreased protein and mineral content was also recorded. There was a more pronounced decrease in cell mass in the main group. In patients with sarcopenia the volume of intracellular and extracellular fluid was less than in the control group. Significant differences were considered at p0.05. Conclusions: the introduction of bioimpedancemetry and dynamometry into early screening for muscle mass reduction will allow timely start of therapeutic and preventive measures even in middle age, which will lead to a decrease in the progression of sarcopenia in the elderly, as well as improve the quality of life.

Прогрессирующее увеличение численности людей пожилого возраста является важным достижением современной медицины. Вместе с тем пациенты данной категории характеризуются не только высокой частотой коморбидной патологии, но и развитием снижения мышечной массы и силы — саркопенией. С каждым годом растет количество неинфекционных заболеваний, среди них занимают ключевые места сахарный диабет (СД) и ожирение. Основная категория больных с нарушением углеводного обмена представлена пациентами среднего и пожилого возраста. Сочетание саркопении и ожирения повышает риск развития артериальной гипертензии, СД 2-го типа, кардиоваскулярной патологии и риск смерти пациентов данной группы. Кроме этого, прогрессирующее снижение мышечной массы тела усугубляет течение СД, ведет к ускорению развития осложнений, удлинению сроков госпитализации в профильных стационарах, увеличению экономических затрат. В настоящее время нет единого алгоритма диагностики, а также отсутствуют биомаркеры саркопении, что влечет за собой позднюю верификацию диагноза. В течение последних десятилетий активно рассматривались вопросы клинического течения, социальные и экономические аспекты данного состояния, в то же время в русскоязычной литературе проблема снижения мышечного статуса недостаточно представлена, нет крупномасштабных исследований, оценивающих взаимосвязь снижения мышечной массы и нарушений углеводного обмена. В настоящей статье рассмотрены вопросы терминологии, патофизиологические аспекты и критерии диагностики саркопении на основании публикаций за последние 15 лет по данным баз eLibrary, Scopus, WoS.

Objective. Materials and methods: 82 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated, which were divided into 2 groups: probable sarcopenia and comparison groups. Conducted: questionnaire surveys (Health Status Survey (SF-36)), Sarcopenia quality and life assessment (SarQoL)), strength, assistance with walking, getting up from a chair, climbing stairs and falling — Strength, Assisted walking, getting up from a chair, Climbing stairs and Falls (SARC-F)), assessment of walking speed and physical activity, carpal dynamometry, bioimpedancemetry, analysis of laboratory parameters. Results: the difference between the conducted questionnaires is statistically insignificant. According to bioimpedansometry, obesity of the 1st degree was recorded in the lesions. In the group with presarcopenia, the main decrease in body composition parameters decreases. In addition, in the main group, the rate of intake is reduced, and decompensation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism occurs. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Conclusion. Dynamometry and bioimpedance can be used for primary screening of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Maintaining the main indicators of glycemia, correction of dyslipidemia, compensation for obesity D and hypocalcemia of obesity in muscle mass and mass.

The multifactorial nature of sarcopenia is a major obstacle to establishing the diagnosis, especially in individuals with a comorbid pathology. Several studies have proposed numerous molecules that may be associated with the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and may be useful in the future. However, there is an unmet need to find a sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective biomarker of muscle aging in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective. To compare markers of oxidative stress (TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-isoprostan) in sarcopenia in patients with type 2 DM. Material and methods. The study followed the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration and included 70 volunteers 45 to 85 years having signed an informed voluntary consent. The study participants were divided into 3 groups based on the results of hand dynamometry and bioimpedancemetry according to the sarcopenia screening algorithm EWGSOP2 2019: Group 1 (n=22) — the patients with type 2 DM and sarcopenia, Group 2 (n=30) — the patients with type 2 DM and presarcopenia, Group 3, control (n=18) — the patients without type 2 DM or sarcopenia. All subjects had their TNF-α, IL-1β, and 8-isoprostane levels measured. Statistical data was processed using StatTech v. 4.1.2. Results. Patients with presarcopenia and type 2 DM often tend to have obesity, low-performance capability, severe frailty, and hyperglycemia compared to participants with sarcopenia. Patients with type 2 DM and sarcopenia had normal BMI, with all basic composition parameters decreased. Diabetic nephropathy was the most common complication of type 2 DM in patients with sarcopenia or presarcopenia. Muscular atrophy in type 2 DM is characterized by higher 8-isoprostane and lower IL-1β blood serum levels. In sarcopenia, the 8-isoprostane level was above 1009 pg/mL, and the IL-1β was below 2.2 pg/mL. In presarcopenia, the 8-isoprostane level was above 1345 pg/mL, and IL-1β was below 2.68 pg/mL. Conclusion. The established threshold levels of 8-isoprostane and IL-1β can be potential markers of sarcopenia and presarcopenia. This requires further clinical confirmation on a larger sample.