Achilles tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Athletes, runners and jumpers, and the sedentary are frequently affected. Numerous are the therapeutic choices to manage these kinds of disorders. The aim of this review is to analyze the available literature to document the up-to-date evidence on conservative management of Achilles tendinopathy. A systematic review of two medical electronic databases was performed by three independent authors, using the following inclusion criteria: conservative treatment consisted of pharmacologic, physical therapy without operative treatment, with more of 6 months symptoms and a minimum average of 6-months follow-up. Studies of any level of evidence, reporting clinical results, and dealing with Achilles tendinopathy and conservative treatment were searched for. A total of n = 1228 articles were found. At the end of the first screening, following the previously described selection criteria, we selected n = 94 articles eligible for full-text reading. Ultimately, after full-text reading and a reference list check, we selected n = 29 articles. Achilles tendinopathy is a frequent musculoskeletal disorder and several conservative treatments have been proposed, but no therapy is universally accepted, except for eccentric exercise training, which is the gold standard and a commonly used protocol.

Background: Supracondylar humerus fracture (SCHF) is a frequent injury in pediatric ages. Closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation is a common treatment of displaced SCHF. Surgery is usually performed in the supine position; otherwise the prone position allows an easier fracture reduction and a safe placement of pins. The aim of study is to compare the clinical and radiographic results of the treatment of displaced SCHF, comparing two different intra-operative positionings. Methods: 59 SCHF affected children were retrospectively divided into supine (Group 1; n = 34) and prone (Group 2; n = 25), according to intraoperative position. All treated subjects were clinically evaluated according to Flynn’s criteria and Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and radiographically, including the measurement of the Baumann angle. Results: Clinically, Group 1, according Flynn’s criteria, had excellent cosmetic outcome in 32 subjects (94.1%). Mean MAYO Score was 96.0 ± 3.8. Group 2, according Flynn’s criteria, had excellent cosmetic outcomes in 23 subjects (92.0%). Mean MAYO Score was 97.8 ± 3.3. Radiographically, mean difference of Baumann’s angle between the injured limb and the normal limb was 5.5° ± 1.0° in Group 1 and 5.1° ± 1.1° in Group 2. Conclusion: Both supine and prone positioning achieved a satisfying outcome with similar results in joint function recovery and complications.

Nonunion occurs in 2–10% of all forearm fractures due to different mechanical and biological factors, patient characteristics, and surgeon-dependent causes. It is a condition that causes functional and psychosocial disability for the patient because it is a unique anatomical segment in which all the bones and structures involved embody a complex functional unit; therefore, it is a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. The ultimate goal of the care of these patients is the restoration of function and limitations related to impairment and disability. The aim of this review is to provide an extended description of nonunion forearm fractures, related risk factors, diagnosis, classification systems, and the available evidence for different types of treatment as a tool to better manage this pathology.

Background/Objective: Traumatic injuries to the flexor tendons of the hand are frequently treated by hand surgeons. Late repair is not classically considered to be feasible due to the high risk of failure and functional complications. The present study aims to present the functional results of primary flexor tendon repairs performed more than three months after trauma, along with evidence regarding the time limit for primary flexor tendon repair. Methods: The clinical outcomes of direct flexor tendon repairs in zones 1 and 2 of the long fingers or thumb are reported herein. A scoping review was undertaken using Medline and CINHAL to identify studies reporting the functional outcomes of flexor repair following trauma. Results: In this series, four patients were treated with direct M-Tang and epitendinous suture or pull-out reinsertion. Accessory procedures were required to perform a direct repair. The mean delay was 5.5 months, and the follow-up period was 24 months. The mean total active movement was 195°. Extension lags of 10° and 20° were registered at the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints, respectively. While a literature review showed that most cases treated with primary repair after three months resulted in functional complications, these procedures were performed around 40 years ago and no recent reports were found. Conclusions: In the small cohort of patients here reported it has been possible to repair flexor tendons in zones 1 and 2, and to reinsert a jersey finger, even three months after trauma. Accessory procedures were required. Accurate patient selection and counseling is mandatory before surgery to inform patients about alternatives. The literature review confirmed that no positive results have previously been reported in the literature on this topic. It is thought that modern materials and surgical techniques for flexor tendon repair should extend the edge for primary repair in selected patients, as compared to previous practices.