In natural language processing, short-text semantic similarity (STSS) is a very prominent field. It has a significant impact on a broad range of applications, such as question–answering systems, information retrieval, entity recognition, text analytics, sentiment classification, and so on. Despite their widespread use, many traditional machine learning techniques are incapable of identifying the semantics of short text. Traditional methods are based on ontologies, knowledge graphs, and corpus-based methods. The performance of these methods is influenced by the manually defined rules. Applying such measures is still difficult, since it poses various semantic challenges. In the existing literature, the most recent advances in short-text semantic similarity (STSS) research are not included. This study presents the systematic literature review (SLR) with the aim to (i) explain short sentence barriers in semantic similarity, (ii) identify the most appropriate standard deep learning techniques for the semantics of a short text, (iii) classify the language models that produce high-level contextual semantic information, (iv) determine appropriate datasets that are only intended for short text, and (v) highlight research challenges and proposed future improvements. To the best of our knowledge, we have provided an in-depth, comprehensive, and systematic review of short text semantic similarity trends, which will assist the researchers to reuse and enhance the semantic information.

Keyword extraction is a critical task that enables various applications, including text classification, sentiment analysis, and information retrieval. However, the lack of a suitable dataset for semantic analysis of keyword extraction remains a serious problem that hinders progress in this field. Although some datasets exist for this task, they may not be representative, diverse, or of high quality, leading to suboptimal performance, inaccurate results, and reduced efficiency. To address this issue, we conducted a study to identify a suitable dataset for keyword extraction based on three key factors: dataset structure, complexity, and quality. The structure of a dataset should contain real-time data that is easily accessible and readable. The complexity should also reflect the diversity of sentences and their distribution in real-world scenarios. Finally, the quality of the dataset is a crucial factor in selecting a suitable dataset for keyword extraction. The quality depends on its accuracy, consistency, and completeness. The dataset should be annotated with high-quality labels that accurately reflect the keywords in the text. It should also be complete, with enough examples to accurately evaluate the performance of keyword extraction algorithms. Consistency in annotations is also essential, ensuring that the dataset is reliable and useful for further research.

In numerous electrical power distribution systems and other engineering contexts, single-line diagrams (SLDs) are frequently used. The importance of digitizing these images is growing. This is primarily because better engineering practices are required in areas such as equipment maintenance, asset management, safety, and others. Processing and analyzing these drawings, however, is a difficult job. With enough annotated training data, deep neural networks perform better in many object detection applications. Based on deep-learning techniques, a dataset can be used to assess the overall quality of a visual system. Unfortunately, there are no such datasets for single-line diagrams available to the general research community. To augment real image datasets, generative adversarial networks (GANs) can be used to create a variety of more realistic training images. The goal of this study was to explain how deep-convolutional-GAN- (DCGAN) and least-squares-GAN- (LSGAN) generated images are evaluated for quality. In order to improve the datasets and confirm the effectiveness of synthetic datasets, our work blended synthetic images with actual images. Additionally, we added synthetic images to the original picture collection to prepare an augmented dataset for symbol detection. In this scenario, we employed You Look Only Once (YOLO) V5, one of the versions of YOLO. The recognition performance was improved, reaching an accuracy of 95% with YOLO V5, after combining the actual images with the synthetic images created by the DCGAN and LSGAN. By incorporating synthetic samples into the dataset, the overall quality of the training data was improved, and the learning process for the model became simpler. Furthermore, the proposed method significantly improved symbol detection in SLDs, according to the findings of the experiments.