Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, overtaking colon, breast, and prostate cancer-related deaths. Due to the limited diagnostic possibilities, it is often diagnosed after it has reached an advanced stage. The delayed diagnosis significantly worsens the patient’s prognosis. In recent years, we have observed an increased interest in the use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic markers in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The abnormal expression levels of the miRNAs could be used to detect NSCLC in its early stages while it is still asymptomatic. This could drastically improve the clinical outcome. Furthermore, some miRNAs could serve as promising predictive and prognostic factors for NSCLC. Some of the currently available studies have shown a correlation between the miRNAs’ levels and the sensitivity of tumour cells to different treatment regimens. Analysing and modulating the miRNAs’ expression could be a way to predict and improve the treatment’s outcome.

The primary pleural neoplasms constitute around 10% of the pleural tumors. The currently recommended method for their imaging is CT which has been shown to have certain limitations. Strong development of the MRI within the last two decades has provided us with a number of sequences that could potentially be superior to CT when it comes to the pleural malignancies’ detection and characterization. This literature review discusses the possible applications of the MRI as a diagnostic tool in patients with pleural neoplasms. Although selected MRI techniques have been shown to have a number of advantages over CT, further research is required in order to confirm the obtained results, broaden our knowledge on the topic, and pinpoint the sequences most optimal for pleural imaging, as well as the best methods for reading and analysis of the obtained data.

Background: The KIAA1524 gene encodes an oncoprotein, CIP2A, which inhibits the phosphorylation of the Akt kinase B, stabilizes the c-Myc protein, and, through that, promotes cancerogenesis. An increase in CIP2A expression has been observed in numerous solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical impact of the functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the KIAA1524 gene (rs2278911, 686C > T) in MM patients. Methods: The study group consisted of 128 patients with de novo MM. EDTA venous blood samples were collected prior to the treatment. The SNPs were analyzed by Real-Time PCR with the use of specific Taqman probes. Results: Multivariable analysis revealed that variables independently associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) included thrombocytopenia, delTP53 and IGH/CCND1 translocation and the TT genotype of the KIAA1524 gene (686C > T) (median PFS: 6 vs. 25 months; HR = 7.18). On the other hand, autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) was related to a lower risk of early disease progression. Moreover, light chain disease, International Staging System (ISS) 3, poor performance status, hypoalbuminemia, IGH/FGFR3 translocation and the TT genotype of the KIAA1524 gene (686C > T) were independent prognostic factors associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (median OS: 8 vs. 45 months; HR = 7.08). Conclusion: The evaluation of the SNP 686C > T of the KIAA1524 gene could be used as a diagnostic tool in MM patients at risk of early disease progression and death.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, and other pathological factors like neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This review discusses the effectiveness of Lanacemab and Donanemab - new anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies- for the treatment of early Alzheimer’s Disease. While no cure exists, current symptomatic treatments are complemented by emerging disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Recent breakthroughs with anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, Lecanemab and Donanemab, show promise in slowing disease progression. Clinical trials like CLARITY-AD for Lecanemab and TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 for Donanemab demonstrated significant reductions in brain amyloid and a slowed cognitive and functional decline in early AD. Lecanemab selectively targets Aβ protofibrils, while Donanemab targets N-terminally truncated Aβ in plaques, both facilitating amyloid clearance. These DMTs, though associated with side effects like ARIA, mark a pivotal shift towards targeting underlying AD pathology, offering hope for more effective interventions and potentially preventive strategies, such as those explored in the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 3 trial.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder with increasing global prevalence and a wide variety of complications. While clinical attention focuses mostly on its vascular pathologies, musculoskeletal disorders remain under-recognized and poorly managed. This review provides an overview of musculoskeletal complications associated with both type 1 and 2 diabetes, including bone fragility, Charcot neuroarthropathy, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, osteoarthritis, adhesive capsulitis, diabetic amyotrophy, and diabetic muscle infarction. The pathophysiology of these conditions is complex, involving impaired glucose levels, insulin resistance, accumulation of advanced glycation end-products, chronic inflammation process, and vascular changes. Preventive strategies, early diagnosis, and adjusted management are crucial to mitigate the impact of these complications on diabetic patients, their mobility, and quality of life. This article aims to highlight the importance of musculoskeletal complications and raise awareness of the significance of integrated management of diabetes. Objective: This review aims to describe several musculoskeletal complications of diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A review of the available literature from the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases published within the last 20 years.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, often associated with significant impacts on patients' quality of life and public health systems. Traditional treatments, such as aminosalicylates, are not always effective, especially in moderate to severe cases. Etrasimod, a novel oral selective modulator of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, offers an innovative therapeutic approach by regulating immune cell migration and reducing intestinal inflammation. This review explores the efficacy, safety, and potential role of Etrasimod in the treatment of UC. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated its significant effectiveness in both the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with moderately to severely active UC. The drug also shows a favorable safety and tolerability profile. These findings position Etrasimod as a promising alternative for patients who do not respond to standard therapies. As research progresses, Etrasimod may represent a step forward in the development of more targeted, disease-modifying treatments for ulcerative colitis. Aim of the study: This review investigates Etrasimod’s role in ulcerative colitis treatment, in particular focusing on its mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and safety. It seeks to determine whether it could serve as an alternative for patients resistant to conventional treatments. Methodology: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinical trial registries. Summary: Ulcerative colitis treatment remains challenging, with many patients experiencing limited benefits from existing therapies. Etrasimod, a selective modulator targeting S1P receptors, has demonstrated efficacy in induction and maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Findings from clinical trials, particularly ELEVATE UC 12, 40 JAPAN and 52, suggest its potential in ulcerative colitis treatment. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm its benefits.