Geopolymer foam concrete (GFC) has emerged as a sustainable alternative in construction, utilizing waste-derived binders to enhance material properties while addressing environmental concerns. This review examines the impact of precursor materials, foam agents, nanomaterials, fibers, and curing temperatures on GFC’s pore structure and compressive strength. GFC typically achieves compressive strengths of 1–10 MPa, with porosity significantly influencing performance. For instance, GFC with densities of 280–865 kg/m³ exhibits compressive strengths of 1.10–8.13 MPa and thermal conductivities of 0.08–0.20 W/(m K), making it suitable for insulation applications. The integration of alternative materials, such as industrial by-products, enhances sustainability without compromising mechanical properties. Precise control over curing parameters, particularly heating rates, is critical to optimizing porosity and strength. The addition of nanomaterials improves mechanical performance and introduces self-sensing capabilities, expanding GFC’s potential for advanced industrial applications. Fibers further enhance toughness and crack resistance, broadening its usability. Machine learning algorithms offer promising tools for optimizing GFC formulations and structural designs, enabling the development of high-performance, sustainable materials tailored to specific engineering needs. By systematically evaluating the effects of alternative materials, nanotechnology, fibers, and curing conditions, this review highlights the potential of GFC to revolutionize sustainable construction. Finally, GFC represents a transformative advancement in eco-friendly construction materials. Its integration of waste-derived binders, nanomaterials, and advanced optimization techniques positions it as a key solution for sustainable infrastructure, balancing performance, durability, and environmental responsibility.

A novel binary compounds as 3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-phenyl-2H-benzo[f]indazole-4,9-dione (10) and fused compounds as 2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione (7) and naphtho[2,3-b]furan-3,4,9(2H)-trione (6) based on lawsone ‘that plays as important precursor’ was synthesized by reaction with 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and halo-compounds, such as 2-chloroacetyl chloride or 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Spectra and elemental analysis of newly synthesized compounds were investigated. The target molecules were showed easy access to antioxidant (calorimetrical measurement) and antitumor (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma [EAC] cells) activities. Geometrical isomers (enol, Keto conformers, and syn, anti-conformers) were achieved by density functional theory (DFT) that conformed to the spectral analysis of the investigated compounds. Supplemental data for this article is available online at here.

Thesis Abstract Lawsone (2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione) is a natural product that shows significant biological activity. The National Cancer Institute (NIH, United State) disclosed the lawsone skeleton that contains the quinone moiety as a precursor for clinically cytotoxic activity. Lawsone has interesting pharmacological performance, particularly as antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi), and Leishmanicidal activity, anti-lung cancer. Therefore, three different approaches were taken in the synthetic approach. The first approach was based on the synthesis of naphthoquinone annulation that was synthesized from the reaction of 2 with different bi-nucleophilic reagents via Michael addition followed by intramolecular condensation. The second approach was based on the synthesis of new α-lapachone analogs during the cyclo-condensation reaction of 1 with α,β-unsaturated ketones. The third approach was based on the synthesis of novel spiro lawsone-ring skeletons, which focuses on the synthesis of spiro lawsone ring skeletons by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 1 with some selected advanced reagents. Pharmacological studies of the synthetic compounds provided an indication of biological activities, including effects against hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG-7) and mammary gland breast cancer (MCF-7). The molecular structures of some molecules were examined by using DFT calculations.